Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Lexeme statements
Lexemes, like items or properties, have statements (claims) that provide information about the lexeme that is not specific to one of its forms or senses.
Depending on how a particular language works, and depending on the lexical category of the lexeme, some statements will be more applicable to a given lexeme than others. This page aims to provide general information about properties that may be used for statements on lexemes.
While statements exclusively used on senses and forms are described in the documentation subpages regarding Senses and Forms, some of the properties listed on this page may be applicable to a lexeme's forms and senses as well; this will be noted in the appropriate subsection. Many other properties applicable directly to lexemes are listed in Template:Lexicographical properties.
Properties about inherent grammatical features edit
grammatical gender edit
grammatical number edit
This is normally used on lexemes for pronouns with one of the following values:
- singular (Q110786), when the word refers to a single person, e.g. I (L487)
- dual (Q110022), used in many languages when the word refers to two people, e.g. the Skolt Sami (Q13271) word muäna (L669598) or the Tok Pisin (Q34159) word yumitupela (L1012879)
- trial (Q2142560), used in some languages when the word refers to three people, e.g. the Tok Pisin (Q34159) word yumitripela (L1012881)
- plural (Q146786), when the word refers to multiple people, e.g. we (L483), or the Tok Pisin (Q34159) word yumipela (L1012877)
These values are the same as the ones used as grammatical features on forms, if a word has different forms based on number.
grammatical person edit
This is normally used on lexemes for pronouns with one of the following values:
- first person (Q21714344), when the person speaking is included, e.g. I (L487), we (L483)
- second person (Q51929049), when the person speaking is not included, but the person being spoken to is included, e.g. you (L482), thou (L18745), y'all (L747216)
- third person (Q51929074), when neither the person speaking nor the the person being spoken to are included, e.g. he (L485), she (L484), it (L507), they (L371)
These values are the same as the ones used as grammatical features on forms, if a word has different forms based on person.
Some languages make additional distinctions specific to that language. For such cases, the documentation for the language should explain which values to use.
grammatical aspect edit
has characteristic edit
This has many potential uses. Some of the notable ones:
On lexemes for pronouns, this is used to indicate distinctions not covered by grammatical gender (P5185), grammatical person (P11053) or grammatical number (P11054), in particular:
- clusivity (Q311784), using the values inclusive (Q75365274) or exclusive (Q25416585), e.g. the Pukapukan (Q36447) first-person plural pronouns tātou (L1143139) (inclusive) and mātou (L1143140) (exclusive).
- animacy (Q1250335), using the values animate (Q51927507) or inanimate (Q51927539), e.g. the Dagbani (Q32238) third-person singular pronouns ŋuna (L618526) (animate) and dina (L655570) (inanimate).
Properties about lexeme provenance edit
described by source edit
described at URL edit
usage example edit
attested in edit
officialized by edit
Properties about lexeme origin edit
derived from lexeme edit
combines lexemes edit
Properties about lexeme morphology edit
word stem edit
conjugation class edit
paradigm class edit
creates lexeme type edit
Properties about lexeme syntax edit
requires grammatical feature edit
auxiliary verb edit
This property is used on lexemes for verbs when the auxiliary verb used to form a particular compound tense is not the same for every verb. The two lexemes linked by this property should be for the same language.
It is most commonly used for Romance and Germanic languages which form a compound past tense (e.g. "have been", "have done") using the equivalent of "have" for some verbs and "be" for other verbs, e.g.
- French (Q150) uses avoir (L1886) for some verbs and être (L1882) for others
- German (Q188) uses haben (L4179) for some verbs (e.g. machen (L315212)) and sein (L1761) for others (e.g. gehen (L1026))