Help:Portale dei vincoli di proprietà
I vincoli di proprietà sono regole riguardanti le proprietà che specificano come esse dovrebbero essere utilizzate. Di per sè, il modello di Wikidata è molto flessibile: nulla impedisce di aggiungere all'elemento Universe (Q1) la proprietà head of government (P6). Tuttavia, un vincolo sulla proprietà può suggerire che solitamente un head of government (P6) è un uomo.
I vincoli sono suggerimenti, non ferme restrizioni, e vengono utilizzate soprattutto come un aiuto o una guida per l'utente che intende efettuare modifiche. Possono esserci delle eccezioni: per esempio, la città di Talkeetna (Q668224) ha eletto il gatto Stubbs (Q7627362) come sindaco.
Some constraint types, currently one-of constraint and allowed qualifiers constraint, are also used to provide better suggestions when editing statements.
Note: Technically a property constraint is a statement (on a property) of a particular constraint type, specified via property constraint (P2302). So strictly speaking constraint and constraint type refer to two different things, for the sake of brevity this page however sometimes refers to constraint types simply as constraints.
Vincoli comuni
Datatype-independent constraints
Constraints to restrict where a property may be added
- property scope constraint
- This property should only be used for certain scopes (main value of a statement, in a reference, as qualifier).
- allowed-entity-types constraint
- Questa proprietà dovrebbe essere usata soltanto su certi tipi di entità. Ad esempio: Wikidata property example (P1855) (proprietà).
- subject type constraint
- Items with this property should have a certain type. Example: Items with date of birth (P569) should be instance of (P31) human (Q5) or animal (Q729).
- conflicts-with constraint
- Gli elementi con questa proprietà non dovrebbero avere certe altre proprietà o dichiarazioni. Esempi: sex or gender (P21) è in conflitto con author (P50), che a sua volta è in conflitto con instance of (P31)human (Q5).
- item-requires-statement constraint
- Gli elementi che fanno uso di questa proprietà dovrebbero avere anche altre dichiarazioni. Per esempio, gli elementi killed by (P157) dovrebbero avere place of death (P20), date of death (P570) e manner of death (P1196)homicide (Q149086).
- contemporary constraint
- Gli elementi con questa proprietà e i valori di questa proprietà dovrebbero coesistere in qualche momento. Esempi: mother (P25), country of citizenship (P27).
- label in language constraint
- Items using this property should also have a label in a certain language. For example, items with Vietnamese middle name (P8500) should have a Vietnamese label.
- description in language constraint
- Items using this property should also have a description in a certain language.
- lexeme requires language constraint
- This property should be used on lexemes in a certain language. For example, Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) (P1296) should be used on Catalan (Q7026) lexemes.
- lexeme requires lexical category constraint
- …
- lexeme value requires lexical category constraint
- …
Constraints regarding the number of values
- single-value constraint
- Items should have no more than one statement with this property. Often used for identifiers, but also many other properties: for example, people generally only have a single place of birth (P19) and place of death (P20).
- single-best-value constraint
- Items should have one “best” statement with this property. Often used for properties that can change over time: for example, cities and countries usually have a single current head of government (P6).
- multi-value constraint
- Gli elementi dovrebbero avere più di una dichiarazione per questa proprietà (o nessuna). Usato raramente, ma alcuni esempi sono cast member (P161), has tense (P3103) e has grammatical mood (P3161).
- distinct-values constraint
- aka. unique value and distinct value. No two items should share a value for this property; each item’s value should be unique across all statements for this property in all of Wikidata. Almost all identifier properties have this constraint, since an identifier (ISBN, freebase ID, …) should uniquely identify an entity. Other examples include flag (P163) and anthem (P85).
Constraints regarding qualifiers
- allowed qualifiers constraint
- Statements for this property should not have any qualifiers other than the listed ones. Examples: continent (P30) with qualifiers start time (P580) and end time (P582), and Freebase ID (P646) with no qualifiers at all.
- required qualifier constraint
- Le dichiarazioni per questa proprietà devono avere tutti i qualificatori elencati. Esempio: stock exchange (P414) con ticker symbol (P249) e start time (P580).
Constraints regarding references
- citation needed constraint
- Le dichiarazioni di questa proprietà devono avere almeno un riferimento. Esempio: proprietà messe in discussione.
Datatype-specific constraints
Constraints for datatype item/entity
- value-type constraint
- Values for this property should have a certain type. Example: mother (P25) should be instance of (P31) human (Q5) or animal (Q729).
- one-of constraint
- Values for this property should be one of a given set of items. Example: driving side (P1622) should be either left (Q13196750) or right (Q14565199).
- none-of constraint
- Values for this property should not be one of a given set of items. Example: instance of (P31) should not be woman (Q467).
- value-requires-statement constraint
- aka. target required statement. Values for this property should also have certain other statements. For example, screenwriter (P58) values should have sex or gender (P21) and occupation (P106)screenwriter (Q28389).
- symmetric constraint
- Statements using this property should always exist in both directions. Examples: sibling (P3373), twinned administrative body (P190).
- inverse constraint
- Statements using this property should always have an inverse statement. Examples: father (P22)/mother (P25) with child (P40).
- complex constraint value label
- Values for this property have to have a label in a specific language that matches a specific format.
Constraints for Quantity
- integer constraint
- Values for this property should be integers without decimal places.
- allowed units constraint
- Values for this statement should only use certain units (or none). Examples: term length of office (P2097) (unit: year (Q577)), population (P1082) (no units).
- no-bounds constraint
- Values for this property should not use upper and lower bounds. This applies to most non-physical properties with quantity data type, for which the concept of uncertainties is not defined.
- range constraint
- Values for this property should be within a certain range or interval. Examples: flattening (P1102) is always between 0 and 1, and UTC date of spacecraft launch (P619) should not be before .
- difference-within-range constraint
- conosciuta anche come difference within range. La differenza tra i valori di questa ed un'altra proprietà dovrebbero essere compresi in un certo intervallo. Per esempio, la differenza tra date of birth (P569) e date of death (P570) dovrebbe essere compresa tra 0 e 150 anni.
Constraints for Time
- range constraint
- Values for this property should be within a certain range or interval. Examples: flattening (P1102) is always between 0 and 1, and UTC date of spacecraft launch (P619) should not be before .
- difference-within-range constraint
- aka. difference within range. The difference between values for this property and for another property should be within a certain range or interval. For example, the difference between date of birth (P569) and date of death (P570) should be between 0 and 150 years.
Constraints for string-based datatypes
The constraint types listed in this section can be used for properties that have a string-based datatype.
- format constraint
- I valori di questa proprietà dovrebbero avere un certo formato. Usata spesso per gli identificatori (lungo n cifre, inizia con una certa lettera, formato da cifre, …).
Constraints for Commons links
- Commons link constraint
- Values for this statement should be valid links to Wikimedia Commons. Examples: image (P18) (“File” namespace), Commons category (P373) (“Category” namespace).
Tipi di vincoli ordinati alfabeticamente
Several constraints have their own predefined templates and are listed at Help:Property constraints/list of constraints.
Usage instructions
Constraint reports are shown for all logged in users when they visit an entity page.
You can also check all constraints for an item on Special:ConstraintReport. This page is provided by WikibaseQualityConstraints (also known as "constraints extension"). A bot also maintains reports of constraint violation; see a summary of violations across Wikidata on Wikidata:Database reports/Constraint violations.
Constraint type items
There is an item for each constraint type, e.g. subject type constraint (Q21503250).
Constraint statements on properties
Constraints for a property are specified as statements on the property, using property constraint (P2302) and the constraint type item. For example: sibling (P3373)property constraint (P2302)symmetric constraint (Q21510862). Deprecated statements are ignored, so changing a constraint statement’s rank to “deprecated” is a convenient way to temporarily disable a constraint without completely removing it.
Constraint parameters
Many constraints are configurable: one of has a list of the permitted values, type contains the type, etc. These settings which configure the constraint are called parameters.
Constraint parameters are specified as qualifiers on the statement. For example:
⟨ subject type constraint (Q21503250) 
⟩relation (P2309)
⟨ instance of (Q21503252) ⟩class (P2308)
⟨ human (Q5) ⟩There are several general parameters that can be added to any constraint statement:
- constraint status (P2316): With the value mandatory constraint (Q21502408), this parameter can be used to mark a constraint as mandatory. Violations of mandatory constraints are more severe than violations of non-mandatory ones. Non-mandatory constraints should have a value of suggestion constraint (Q62026391).
- exception to constraint (P2303): Lists known exceptions to the constraint. On the items listed under this parameter, the constraint is not checked.
- group by (P2304): Contains a property by the values of which constraint violations should be grouped. That is, when the database reports list violations for a constraint (for all items), the items with violations are grouped by the value they have for the property given in the group by (P2304) parameter. (The constraints extension does not use this parameter.)
- constraint scope (P4680): Specifies in which part of a statement the constraints applies, using the three special values constraint checked on main value (Q46466787), constraint checked on qualifiers (Q46466783) and constraint checked on references (Q46466805). Use any combination of these values to specify where a constraint should be checked. If the parameter is not specified, the default scope depends on the constraint type. (Note that the database reports only list violations on the main value of a statement.)
- constraint clarification (P6607): Provides a simple explanation for the purpose of the constraint (why it exists) and recommended actions to resolve the constraint.
When constraints aren’t checked
Each individual constraint can list exceptions in its constraint parameters (see above); on any statements of that item, that constraint will not be checked at all. (There is currently no mechanism for specifying other entity types as exceptions, or for listing exceptions in a different way.)
On properties like Wikidata property example (P1855), Wikidata property example for properties (P2271), etc., as defined in wgWBQualityConstraintsPropertiesWithViolatingQualifiers, all constraint checks on qualifiers are skipped. For these properties, qualifiers have a different meaning than usual: they’re more similar to main statements than qualifiers of that statement, so it doesn’t really make sense to check constraints on those qualifiers.
WikibaseQualityConstraints only uses normal-rank and preferred-rank constraint statements and ignores deprecated-rank ones, so setting a constraint’s rank to deprecated can be used to “hide” it from WikibaseQualityConstraints. (KrBot uses all constraint statements regardless of rank.)
Custom constraints
With some knowledge of SPARQL one can make very complex constraints for certain properties, above and beyond the restrictions mentioned above. More information is available at Template:Complex constraint. The reports are maintained by a third-party bot and not part of Wikibase software. See also the list of properties using complex constraints.
See also
- Wikidata:Curious Facts - a tool that displays random constraint violations
