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Wikidata:WikiProject Mineralogy/Explanations

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Explanations edit

Extended content
References
  • Backbone: The IMA List of Minerals, mindat.org, IMA-CNMNC Classification on mineralienatlas.de
  • Others: webmineral.com, Handbook of Minerals (rruff.info/ima), mineralienatlas.de, first publication (first description)

Theory edit

Extended content
There are two procedures. They do not deliver the same results, as the absolute truth is not available.
  • There are two main keys and organic minerals: minerals bearing oxygen and minerals without oxygen.
  • Inorganic minerals: native elements, sulfides, halides, minerals bearing oxygen.
  • Organic minerals: salts of organic acids, hydrocarbons, miscellaneous.
  • Note: classic classification used by faculties with analytical tools (full professor, assistant professor, post docs, PhD students and univ. students)
  • Mainly minerals without oxygen
  • Native elements (IDs 1.); sulfide class, sulfosalts (IDs 2.); sulfides, strict sense (IDs 2.); halides (IDs 3.).
  • Minerals bearing oxygen
  • Oxides (IDs 4.); carbonates and nitrates (IDs 5.); borates (IDs 6.); sulfates (IDs 7.); phosphates (IDs 8.); silicates (nesosilicates (IDs 9.A); sorosilicates (IDs 9.B); cyclosilicates (IDs 9.C); inosilicates (IDs 9.D); phyllosilicates (IDs 9.E); tectosilicates, non zeolites (boro- and aluminosilicates, IDs 9.F) and tectosilicates, zeolites (boro- and aluminosilicates, IDs 9.G); unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H)) and organic minerals (IDs 10.).
  • There are three primary keys and organic minerals.
  • Inorganic minerals: monomeric, dimeric and polymeric.
  • Organic minerals: hydrocarbons, monomeric, dimeric and polymeric.
  • And there are two secondary keys: mineral structures with tetrahedral units and other minerals.
  • Note: a amateur mineralogist does not have access to a faculty and its analytical tools. But density, streak colour, hardness, radioactivity, magnetism, reactions under diluted HCl, sound on scratching and/or hammering and handbooks are available. A mineralogist without Internet, X-Ray Powder Difraction data, Electron Microprobe and crystal cell structure data. "In the jungle", distant from "civilization", the handbook must be printed and carried along with a 12 kg heavy backpack (Land's end: "Land's End", Cornwall, England; "Cape Finisterre", Galicia, Spain; Huelgoat, Finistère, Brittany, France).
  1. Mineral structures with tetrahedral units
    1. Book One: monomeric minerals
      1. Structural groups.
      2. Monomeric minerals, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A).
      3. Anhydrous and hydrous minerals, sulfate class (IDs 7.) and phosphate class (IDs 8.) and similars.
      4. Monomeric minerals, uranium and uranyl minerals.
    2. Book Two: non monomeric silicates, mainly
      1. Polymeric minerals, silicate frameworks
        1. Tectosilicates, zeolite family (IDs 9.G); other zeolites; other tectosilicates (IDs 9.F); silica family (IDs 4.DA.); phyllosilicates (IDs 9.E); cyclosilicates (IDs 9.C).
      2. Other polymeric silicates
        1. Polymeric minerals, chains and ribbons: inosilicates and similars (IDs 9.D).
        2. Dimeric minerals: sorosilicates and similars (IDs 9.B).
        3. Polymeric minerals, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A); transitional silicate structures and unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H).
    3. Book Two: other polymeric minerals, non silicates: polyphosphates, lemoynite group, leifite group, neptunite group, pharmacosiderite supergroup; heteropolymolybdate family (betpakdalite, mendozavilite and obradovicite series), other polyoxometalates.
  2. Book Three: mainly monomeric minerals, "evaporites" ("soluble" in dil. HCl)
    1. Carbonates (IDs 5.), nitrates (IDs 5.N), borates (IDs 6.), halides (IDs 3.) and oxide class, "hydroxides" (IDs 4.F–G).
  3. Book Four: other minerals, "ore minerals"
    1. Native elements (IDs 1.); sulfide class, sulfosalts (IDs 2.); sulfides, strict sense (IDs 2.)
    2. Oxides, strict sense (IDs 4.A–E): monomeric, dimeric and polymeric minerals
    3. Oxide class, special minerals (IDs 4.H–K): vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H); "arsenites", "sulfites" and iodates (IDs 4.J–K)
    4. Other uranium and uranyl minerals
  4. Book Five: organic minerals and special cases.
    1. Special cases
      1. Tellurium oxysalts, chalcoalumite-cyanotrichite and ettringite structural group, beryllonite structural group and mayenite supergroup.
    2. Auxiliary lists
    3. Organic minerals (IDs 10.).

Work load edit

Extended content
Procedure I
Pre-Test: Q (17), X (16)
Origin: Yvonne, Prof. Yvon, Yvonite, Y (44)
Six test (c. 5.5% (290), less than 100): I (79), U (48), Y (44), Z (86)
Five light (c. 11% (553), less than 150): E (118), J (95), O (105), V (113), W (122)
Five medium (c. 18% (933), less than 250): D (153), G (214), L (210), N (173), R (183)
Four heavy (c. 20.5% (1,060), less than 300): F (277), H (250), K (258), T (275)
Six very heavy (c. 45% (2,330), more than 300): A (316), B (337), C (439), M (436), P (378), S (424)
Procedure II
(en.wikipedia.org, c. 1,500)
Amorphous and quasicrystal
Triclinic (130) and monoclinic (482)
Orthorhombic (305) and tetragonal (104)
Trigonal (177) and hexagonal (95)
Isometric (168)
Procedure III
Light:
  • Key I: zeolites, amphiboles, other 3-D silicate frameworks (silica family, other tectosilicates)
  • Key IV: native elements and "arsenites"
  • Key V: special cases and organic minerals
Medium:
  • Key I: phyllosilicates, cyclosilicates, sorosilicates, other inosilicates and other polymers
  • Key II: uranium and uranyl minerals, nesosilicates and nesogermanates
  • Key III: carbonates & nitrates; halides; borates; hydroxides, högbomites and hydrotalcites
Heavy:
  • Key II: structural groups, hydrous sulfates & phosphates, anhydrous sulfates & phosphates
  • Key IV: sulfide class, sulfides & sulfosalts; other oxides
Procedure IV (49 sections)
  • A to C (1,131)
  • Aa-Ak, Al-An, Ap-Az, Ba, Be, Bi-Bo, Br-By, Ca, Ce-Ch, Ci-Co, Cr-Cy
  • D to I (1,135)
  • D, E, Fa-Fe, Fi-Fl, Fo-Fu, Ga-Ge, Gh-Gy, Ha-He, Hi-Hy, I
  • J to M (1,130)
  • J, Ka, Ke-Kl, Kn-Ko, Kr-Ky, La-Le, Li-Ly, Ma, Mb-Me, Mg-Mu
  • N to R (881)
  • N, O, Pa, Pe-Ph, Pi-Pl, Po-Q, Ra-Re, Rh-Ry
  • S to Z (1,159)
  • Sa, Sb-Se, Sh-Sr, St-Sz, Ta-Te, Th-Tl, To-Ty, U-V, V-X, Y-Z
Procedure V (groups and supergroups)
  • 275 pending publication (275)
  • 374 questionable mineral species (99)
  • 413 native elements (39)
  • 437 pyrochlores (24)
  • 485 spinels (48)
  • 522 hydrotalcites (37)
  • 572 alunites (50)
  • 611 apatites (39)
  • 544 garnets (33)
  • 663 zircons (19)
  • 694 alluaudites (31)
  • 717 pyrites, sulfides (23)
  • 732 halites + galenas, rocksalts (15)
  • 734 oxides, rocksalts (2)
  • 741 marcasites, sulfides (7)
  • 753 löllingites, sulfides (12)
  • 758 arsenopyrites, sulfides (5)
  • 782 sartorites, sulphosalts (24)
  • 806 lillianites, sulphosalts (24)
  • 902 zeolites, tectosilicates (96)
  • 947 micas, phyllosilicates (45)
  • 978 tourmalines, cyclosilicates (31)
  • 1,008 labuntsovites, cyclosilicates (30)
  • 1,031 milarites, cyclosilicates (23)
  • 1,151 eudialytes, cyclosilicates (26)
  • 1,245 amphiboles, inosilicates (94)
  • 1,339 pyroxenes, inosilicates (26)
  • 1,370 epidotes, sorosilicates (31)
  • 1,415 seidozerites, sorosilicates (45)
Procedure VI (classes, subclasses and divisions)
  • 5,312 valid minerals
  • 5,312 meteoritic origin (319)
  • 5,218 amphiboles (94)
  • 5,119 zeolites (99)
  • 5,049 3-D silicates (70)
  • 4,908 native elements (141)
  • 4,769 hydroxides, högbomites and hydrotalcites (139)
  • 4,574 cyclosilicates (195)
  • 4,421 borates (153)
  • 4,208 halides (213)
  • other inosilicates ()
  • carbonates and nitrates ()
  • phyllosilicates ()
Procedure VII (type localities)
  • 209 Far Eastern Fed. District, Russia (209)
  • 329 Siberia Fed. District, Russia (120)
  • 413 Ural Fed. District, Russia (84)
  • 706 Northwestern Fed. District, Russia (293)
  • 781 Kazakhstan (75)
  • 789 Kenya (8.ok)
  • 802 Tanzania (13.ok)
  • 810 Zambia (8.ok)
  • 910 Democratic Republic of the Congo (100)
  • 1,015 Namibia (105)
  • 1,089 South Africa (74)
  • 1,254 Australia (165)
  • 1,267 New Zealand (13.ok)
  • 1,370 Quebec, Canada (103)
  • 1,420 Ontario, Canada (50.ok)
  • 1,513 Others, Canada (93.ok)
  • 1,692 Western USA, Pacific (179)
  • 2,056 Western USA, Mountain (364)
  • 2,098 Great Plains, Midwest USA (42.ok)
  • 2,112 Great Lakes, Midwest USA (14.ok)
  • 2,142 West South Div., South USA (30.ok)
  • 2,150 East South Div., South USA (8.ok)
  • 2,177 South Atlantic Div., South USA (27.ok)
  • 2,280 Mid-Atlantic Div., Northeast USA (103.ok)
  • 2,329 New England Div., Northeast USA (49.ok)
  • 2,412 Greenland (83)
  • 2,420 Iceland (8.ok)
  • 2,431 Ireland and Northern Ireland (11.ok)
  • 2,461 Scotland, United Kingdom (30)
  • 2,541 England and Wales, United Kingdom (80)
  • 2,656 France (115)
  • 2,793 East Germany, Germany (137)
  • 2,842 North Germany, Germany (49)
  • 3,010 South Germany, Germany (168)
  • 3,095 Switzerland (85)
  • 3,117 North-East Italy, Italy (22.ok)
  • 3,210 North-West Italy, Italy (93)
  • 3,315 Central Italy, Italy (105)
  • 3,331 Sardinia, Italy (16.ok)
  • 3,443 South Italy, Italy (112)
  • 3,494 Austria (51)
  • 3,619 The Czech Republic (125)
  • 3,662 Bolivia (43)
  • 3,724 Antofagasta Region, Chile (62)
  • 3,792 Others, Chile (68)
  • 3,843 Argentina (51)
  • 3,893 Minas Gerais, Brazil (50)
  • 3,915 Others, Brazil (22)
Procedure VIII [named after, elements (chemical composition, lexemes and mineral series)]
  • English, Latin/ New Latin, Ancient Greek
  • (S) sulfur, sulphur, thio- (θεῖον, theĩon)
  • (Se) selenium, [Moon (σελήυη, μήυη, men); σελήνη (selḗnē)]
  • (Te) tellur-, [Terra; tellus (Latin)]
  • (Fe) iron, ferrous, ferric, sidero- (Σιδηρώ)
  • (Pb) lead, plumb-, molyb- (Μόλυβδος, mólybdos), cron- (alchemical name)
  • (Cu) copper, cupro-, chalco- (χαλκος)
  • (Sn) tin, stann-, olov (Russian)
  • (Na) sodio-, natro- (Latin)
  • (K) potassio-, kali- (new Latin)
  • (Sb) antimony, stibio-, stibi (στίβι)
  • (Au) gold, aurum (Latin)
  • (Ag) silver, argento- (Latin)
  • (Ca) calcio-, [lime, calx, kovia (κουία)]
  • Paracelsus and Agricola:
  • (Bi) bismuto-, [wismuth (old German)]
  • (W) tungsten, [lupi spuma (Latin), wolfram (German)]
  • Water, acqua, hydro- (ὕδωρ, hýdor)
  • Metals: alumino-, baryto-, beryllo-, cadmo-, caesium, calc-, chrom-, lithio-, magnesio-, manganese, nickel, niobo-, pallado-, platino-, strontio-, titano-, uran-, zinc, zircono-
  • Others: ammonio-, arsenate, boro-, carbo-, chlor-, fluo-, hydroxy-, pharma- (arsenate), phospho-, oxo-, keno- (vacancy), nitr- (nitrate), uranyl
Procedure IX (named after)
  • Chemical composition (202)
  • Mineral series, relaxed sense (603)
  • Mineral series, stricter sense (500)
  • Mineral series, instance of (142)
  • Minerals on en.wikipedia list of minerals (complete, 358)
  • Amphiboles (103)
  • Amphibole root names (31)

Mines edit

Extended content
  • Remote salt lakes:
  • Volcanic fissures:
  • Tolbachik volcano, Great fissure eruptions (1975-1976), (2012-2013)
  • Eldjá eruption (930)
  • Laki eruption (1783-1784)
  • Horulo volcano, Biennium eruption (1759-1774)
  • Parícutin eruption (1943-1952)
  • Lanzarote (1730-1736)
  • Mines:
  • Oceania, big mines
  • Fimiston open pit mine (Super Pit Au mine), Golden Mile mines, Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire, Western Australia
  • Newmont Boddington gold mine, Boddington, Boddington Shire, Western Australia (1 TL)
  • Grasberg mine, Gunung Bijih District, New Guinea
  • Eurasia, big mines
  • Udachnaya-Vostochnaya pipe (Udachnaya pipe), Daldyn, Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field, Sakha Republic (2 TL)
  • Mirny mine (Mir mine; Mir pipe; Myr pipe), Mirny, Sakha Republic
  • Oyu Tolgoi Cu-Au ore field (Turquoise Hill Cu-Au ore field), Erdenetsogt, Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia
  • Dionysos marble quarry, Mount Pentelicus, Dionysos, municipality of Dionysos, Attica, Greece
  • North America, big mines
  • Colowyo coal mine, Moffat Co., Colorado
  • Carlin gold mine, Elko, Lynn District, Eureka Co., Nevada
  • Barrick Goldstrike mine, Lynn District, Eureka Co., Nevada
  • Bingham Canyon mine (Bingham Canyon deposit; Kennecott Mine; Bingham Copper Mine; Utah Copper Mine), Bingham District (West Mountain District), Salt Lake Co., Utah
  • Diavik mines, Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories
  • South America, big mines
  • Chuquicamata mine, Chuquicamata District, Calama, El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region (19 TL)
  • Carajás iron mine, Carajás mineral province, Pará, Brazil
  • Yanacocha mine, Yanacocha District, Cajamarca Department, Peru
  • Vintage mines
  • Železník mountain (Vashegy, Hugarian for iron hill), Sirk, Revúca Co., Banská Bystrica Region, Slovakia
  • Chañarcillo silver mining district (Q450443): once third biggest silver mine
  • Four Bonanza Kings: Consolidated Virginia Silver mine, Virginia City, Nevada
  • Schaubergwerk zugängliche Salzbergwerke in Österreich (Q205354)
  • Cerro de Potosí (Cerro Rico) (Q1055970)
  • Tsumeb Corporation Ltd (TCL) collapsed, (Ongopolo, previous 'Tsumcorp mine'), Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Ge-Cd mine (1907-1996) (Q23723997)
  • Patiño mines, Llallagua (Siglo XX mine, serious tin mining after 1901, Q1567693)
  • Falun copper mine: once 2/3 of worldwide copper production
  • Mun. de Muzo (Muzo emerald mines), Vasquez-Yacopí mining district, Boyacá Department, Colombia
  • Ytter quarry, Ytterby, Resarö, Vaxholm, Uppland, Sweden: gadolinite-(Y)
  • Helgustadir mine, Reydarfjörđur, Eastern Region, Iceland: an occurrence of optical-grade calcite known since 1669
  • Monti della Tolfa: source of alumen di Tolpha since the fall of Constantinople
  • Mons Smaragdus, Egypt
  • Ladjuar Medam (Lapis-lazuli deposit), Sar-e Sang, Koksha valley, Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts, Badakhshan Province, Afghanisthan
  • Cyprus: copper mining

Endnotes edit

  • I suppose that a common mineralogist will never try to classify following minerals:
  • Tellurium oxysalts from California, Bernardino county, Otto mountain
  • Copper bearing nitrate or organic minerals from a contact zone between copper ore and young guano (Pabellón de Pica); minerals from bat guano deposit (Gcwihaba cave) or from a contact zone between oxidized Cu-Ni sulphides and bat guano (Mbobo Mkulu cave)
  • A mineral from a meteorite or a comet
    (the Moon might be originated from the colision of Theia and Proto-Earth, so Earth rocks and Moon rocks (and Moon meteorites) are essentially the same)
  • A mineral from a "volcanic fumarole" (its encrustrations): Somma-Vesuvius complex, "incendio del Vesuvio" eruption; Aeolian Islands, Vulcano, La Fossa Crater; Kamchatka Oblast', Tolbachik volcano, Bezymyannyi volcano, Mutnovsky volcano, Uzon caldera; Sakhalinskaya Oblast', Kuril Islands, Kudriavy volcano; Iceland, Eldfell (1973), Surtsey (1963–1967) and Hekla (1991) eruptions; El Salvador, Izalco volcano
  • A mineral from very high pressures, as ice-IV, jeffbenite or bridgmanite
  • A mineral with the publication of its full description still pending
  • A questionable mineral with an unsolved crystal structure
  • Microscopic samples. A notable mineral is available as a micromount, microscopic black and white images of phases are not so interesting
  • Rare minerals with only 1-3 or 4-9 (3+) localities
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