Wikidata:WikiProject Mineralogy/Notes and archive

Wikidata:WikiProject Mineralogy: notes and archive

Notability

Inorganic minerals, section I

• Notability of native element minerals

Inorganic minerals, section II

White streak, mainly; silicate like, polymeric minerals

• Notability of zeolite framework minerals
• Other silicate framework mineral identifiers (non zeolite framework minerals)
• Notability of inosilicate minerals I

• (structural groups, single chain and multiple chain inosilicates)

• Wikidata:Mineralogy_task_force/Notability of inosilicate minerals, second part|Notability of inosilicate minerals II

• (other single chain inosilicates)

• Notability of transitional silicate structure; polyphosphate, polyarsenate, polyvanadate, polymolybdate, polyniobate, etc.; minerals

• Nickel-Strunz IDs: 9.EH., 9.DP., 9.DQ and 8.F (polyphosphates)
• Lemoynite group, leifite group, tobermorite group, heteropolymolybdate family (betpakdalite, mendozavilite and obradovicite series), menezesite (heteropolyniobate)

Inorganic minerals, section III

White streak, mainly; silicate like, non polymeric minerals

• Notability of nesosilicate-like structural group minerals

Inorganic minerals, section IV

White streak, mainly; "soluble" minerals

Organic minerals

"Combustible" minerals

• Notability of organic minerals

Type localities

Sulfide minerals, broad sense

• Wikidata:Mineralogy_task_force/Sulfide minerals I, type localities
• Wikidata:Mineralogy_task_force/Sulfide minerals II, type localities
• Wikidata:Mineralogy_task_force/Sulfosalt minerals, type localities

Oxide minerals, broad sense

• Oxide minerals, strict sense (type localities)
• "Arsenite" minerals (type localities)
• Hydroxide, högbomite and hydrotalcite structural group minerals

Checklist

Sum (valid minerals)

History

• Neolithic Age; Bronze Age, which begins with the Chalcolithic Age; Iron Age (1200 BC - 450 AD); Classical antiquity (after 776 BC - 600 AD).

• Theophrastus (c. 371 BC – c. 287 BC), Strabo (64/63 BC – c. 24 AD), Pliny the Elder (23 AD – 79 AD), Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 AD – c. 90 AD), Galen of Pergamon (129 AD – c.  200/ 216 AD), Avicenna (c. 980 – 1037) and Albertus Magnus (1193/1206 – 1280).

• de Boodt, Anselmus, Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia made a concerted systematic effort to list and describe some 600 known minerals.

• Between Georgius Agricola (1494–1555, "father of mineralogy"), Anselmus de Boodt (1550–1632), Thomas Nicols, Nicolas Steno (1638–1686, one of the founders of modern stratigraphy and modern geology), Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794), James Hutton (1726–1797, "father of modern geology"), René Just Haüy (1743–1822, "father of modern crystallography") and Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829–1896), Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834–1907) and Harry Rosenbusch (1836–1914, "father of petrology"), the main elements were discovered.
• Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672–1733) was one of the four stadtphysici (medical doctors) of Zuerich (their job was similar to the health institution of a city). Note: scientific notes and a scientific collection of curiosities (a cabinet with a collection of "curiosities") are a scientific databank, giving birth to a scientific book; the fruits of a scientific education.

• Colonel Washington A. Roebling's (1837–1926) mineral collection had about 16,000 specimens (nowadays at the National History Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC). Around 1,500 mineral species were firmly established at that time, his collection lacked less than 15 of those.

• William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971) and William Henry Bragg (1862–1942) - X-ray crystallography, Peter Debye (1884–1966) and Paul Scherrer (1890–1969) - X-ray powder diffraction, Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947), International Mineralogical Association (IMA, 1958) and Michael Fleischer (1908–1998), and Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994).
• William Alexander Deer (1910–2009), Robert Andrew Howie (1923–2012), and Jack Zussman (born 1924).

• Ernest Henry Nickel (1925–2009) with the help of Monte C. Nichols and Dorian Smith increased the list of approved mineral species from less than 3,000 to over 4,000.
• Erika Pohl-Ströher (born 1919) donated 80,000 specimens to the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (2004). 50,000 of those are shown at the Freudenstein Castle ('terra mineralia' exposition).

• Frank Christopher Hawthorne (born 1946).

• There are less than 5,000 valid minerals (2013), quite notable are 50% to 40% (c. 2,500 to c. 2,000, golden ratio) of those.

History, strict sense

• History (approximation)

• Historically many minerals got confused (adulteration as well): epidote and tourmaline; diamond and clear corundum; the same with coloured "zircons" from the far east and tourmaline; reddish garnet (almadine-pyrope), zircon, spinel and ruby (corundum); yellowish peridot (forsterite) and topaz.
• Historically, mineral mixtures were known: emery, opal, clays, lead ore, silver ore, copper ore, iron ore, lepidolite, lapis lazuli, rocksalt, melilite, etc.
• Some compounds get confused with its synthetic counterpart, some minerals got the name of their synthetic counterpart: minium (native/ synthetic), lime (native/ synthetic), mercury (native/ anthropogenic), arsenic (native/ anthropogenic), lead (native/ anthropogenic), mirabilite (native/ synthetic), barioferrite (native/ synthetic), etc.
• Neolithic Age: flintstone (chalcedony), jade (jadeite), rocksalt (halite), ice, quartz, gold, silver ore.

• Silver ore: acanthite (1855), stephanite (1845), argentite (1923) and chlorargyrite (1841).

• Bronze Age: copper ore, azurite and malachite, cassiterite; turquoise, natron, niter, pyrite, lead ore, gypsum, calcite, brimstone (sulphur), diamond.

• Ex 28:17-20 (end of Bronze Age): peridot (forsterite var.), emerald (beryl var.), carbuncle (red almandine - pyrope series), sapphire (corundum var.), ligurius (a red transparent zircon), topaz and an aquamarine (beryl var.).
• Gn 19:24 (end of Bronze Age): "rained upon Sodom and Gomorrha brimstone and fire"
• Secondary mineralization: copper ore (chalcocite (old, 1751), chalcopyrite (1725), bornite (1845), covellite (1832)) → cuprite (1845), azurite (old) → malachite (old).

• Iron Age: iron ore.

• Theophrastus (315 BC), end of Iron Age (about 450 AD).

• Splittings/ refinements/ redefinitions (approximation)

Clear gemstones: diamond and clear corundum

Red gemstones: red spinel, ruby, almandine-pyrope series

Yellow gemstones: topaz, peridot, prehnite, chrysolite (olivine), chrysoberyl, brazilianite, zircon, coloured tourmaline, epidote

• Topazos, peridot, chrysolite (olivine) confusion (de Boodt, 1636): topaz (mineral); peridot (chrysolite (olivine), a forsterite variety).
• "Some terms such as ‘chrysolite’ were applied to so many different species (topaz, forsterite, beryl, prehnite, chrysoberyl, quartz, zircon, etc.) that they were eventually dropped to reduce confusion." Carter, Jerry (March 2012) What Is a Mineral?, Micromounters of New England Newsletter
• User Spinningspark: chrysolite refers to green or yellow-green-coloured gems, even though etymologically it means gold coloured.
• Yellow-green-coloured gemstones: topaz, peridot (forsterite var.); sometimes heliodor (beryl var.), prehnite, chrysoberyl, citrine (quartz var.), zircon, etc.

• The word peridotite comes from the gemstone peridot, which consists of pale green olivine (Collins Australian Dictionary, 7 ed).

Tourmaline, epidote confusion (Haüy, 1801): epidote (mineral, Greek "epidosis" - growth), tourmaline (mineral).

Rocksalt (mineral/ rock) confusion (Glocker, 1847): halite (mineral; Greek "hals" - salt, it means salty with the Greek suffix), rocksalt (rock).

Kaolinite (mineral) - kaolin (rock)

Augite, any black or dark green pyroxene (?) (Werner A G, 1792): augite, diopside (d’Andrada J B, 1800) - hedenbergite (Berzelius J J, 1819) series (?).

Hydrotalcite supergroup; fougèrite group: fougèrite (IMA 2012 s.p.): fougèrite and trébeurdenite.

Lepidolite (Klaproth, 1792): polylithionite (Lorenzen, 1884) - trilithionite (Flink, 1900) series.

Scapolite (d'Andrada, 1800): marialite (vom Rath, 1866) - meionite (Haüy, 1801) series.

Zinnwaldite (Haidinger, 1845): siderophyllite (Lewis, 1881) - polylithionite (Lorenzen, 1884) series.

Fluoro-nybøite - nybøite (Oberti, 2003)

Taramite - fluoro-taramite (Oberti, 2007)

• Renamings needing special attention:
  • The name of mirabilite comes from synthetic "sal mirabile", an expression used by Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–1668). The name of glauberite comes from 'Glauber's salt', as it is similar to mirabilite.
  • Cerussite, synthetic lead carbonate was known previously as ceruse.
  • Ancient topaz (a gem peridot, a variety of forsterite) comes from Topasos Island (now St. John's Island) in the Red Sea. The name comes from 'to search', as the island is difficult to find in the fog. It is presumed that: ancient chrysolite was practically any yellow or yellow-greenish gemstone (the name was given up) and IMA's topaz got renamed by Anselmus de Boodt (1550–1632) or before. Chrysolite's name comes from 'yellow colour' or 'golden colour'.
  • Ancient minium meant IMA's cinnabar. But synthetic IMA's minium was used as cinnabar's adulterant.
    • Smithson J (1806) Account of a discovery of native minium, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 96, 267-268.
  • Halite: previously known as rocksalt.

• Controversial Nickel-Strunz identifiers
  • Dmisteinbergite (feldspar, 09.EG.15), uranyl sorovanadates (04.HD. ids) and silica family (04.DA. ids) are some exceptions.
  • Akimotoite: Änderung der Strunz 9 ID auf 4.CB.05 anstelle von 9.DA.05 (Materials Data) da offensichtlicher Fehler (8. Sept. 2009)

Notes

Abbreviations

• Nickel-Strunz ID (10 ed, pending publication, mindat.org; ID)
• Rruff.info tags (rr)
  • Gemstones (G): readily available gemstones, unlikely available gemstones, rare gemstones, extremely rare gemstones
  • Rock-forming minerals (R)
  • Textbook minerals (T)
• Mineral identification:
  • Mineral group identification
  • Based on: Mineralogical Society of America, Mineral Identification Key II (2003) by Alan Plante, Donald Peck and David Von Bargen [1]
  • Mineral group identification without laboratory work.
• Year of mineral's first appearance (year): if before middle ages than 'old', mainly; if before c. 1850 than year on mineralienatlas.de, mainly; if after c. 1850 than year on rruff.info or its first 'IMA number'.
  • Cited before 1700 (rruff.info, B)
    • Georgius Agricola (1494–1555).
    • de Boodt, Anselmus; Tollius, Adrianus (1636) Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia (1 ed.). Note: first definitive work of modern mineralogy.
    • Nicols, Thomas (1652) A Lapidary or, The History of Precious Stones: With Cautions for the Undeceiving of all those that deal with Precious Stones (1 ed.). Cambridge. Note: it was written with the help of 'de Boodt's' book.
  • Cited before 1916 (rruff.info, W), colonel Washington A. Roebling's (1837–1926), minerals firmly established before the Great Depression (approximation, excluding questionable minerals).
• #loc.: number of locations on mindat.org
• Crystal structure solved (css)
• Recent renaming, after 2008 (rrn)
• Platinum group elements (PGE)
• Rare earth elements (REE)
• Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
• Plinius: Gaius Plinius Secundus Maior (23/24 BC - 79 AD)
• Plinius Secundus Minor: Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus Minor (61/62 AD - 113/115 AD)
• "^Q" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC or Mindat.org status). Grandfathered minerals that are questionable, are excluded.
• "^N" - Not an IMA approved mineral.
• "*" – discredited or rejected (IMA/CNMNC status).
• "Supergroups": supergroups (IMA), structural groups (rruff.info), families (Nickel-Strunz 10 ed)
• "Groups": mineral groups (rruff.info; mindat.org; Fleischer's Glossary, 2008), mainly
• "Subgroups": subgroups (IMA), homologous series, solid solution series, mineral pairs (rruff.info), mainly
• Composites: opal (a mixture of cristobalite and/or tridymite and amorphous silica), chrysocolla (spertiniite and allophane?), chalcedony (quartz and moganite?), hydrotalcite supergroup (structurally layer-lattices based on a stacking of positively charged hydroxide layers), tobermorite mineral group, kaolinite-serpentinite group?
• Big crystal cells:
  • Megacyclite (9.CP.10)
    • Chemical formula unit, number of atoms: 111
    • Unit cell, number of formula units (Z): 4
  • Labyrinthite (9.CO.10)
    • Chemical formula unit, number of atoms: 278.5
    • Unit cell, number of formula units (Z): 3

Notes

• Hydrophilite* (discredited IMA 2006, CaCl₂·nH₂O) is antarcticite (CaCl₂·6H₂O) or sinjarite (CaCl₂·2H₂O).
• Rruff.info uses more caution stating true solid solution series than mindat.org, but even a series with discontinuities is notable enough.
• Main sources of elements need a review.
• Names

• "Notable" mineral names: fukuchilite, cummingtonite and xocolatlite.
• Chrysocolla: Greek, chrysos - gold and kólla - glue.
• Galena: named by Pliny (lead ore).
• Pyrite: Greek, pyrites lithos ("stone which strikes fire", sparking produced when iron is struck by a lump of pyrite).
• Gypsum: Greek (gýpsos) and selenite's (gypsum var.) name comes from moon (seléne). But moonstone is a variety of orthoclase.
• Malachite: Greek "malache", colour of mallow leaves (Pliny).
• Niter: hebraic ("neter" or "nether"), which derived from "natar," effervescent substance.
• Synthetic lime has been known since antiquity.
• Cassiterite: `Cassiterid` was used for the britisch and the irish islands (Phoenician language). 'Bratan' means tinworld, Aristoteles developed the word 'britannic' from it.
• The names magnetic properties, magnetic minerals, magnetite, magnesium and manganese come from Magnetes' territory (an ancient Greek tribe).

• Minerals

• August Breithaupt (1791–1873; publication period: ):
• Arcangelo Scacchi (1810–1893; publication period: 1841–1873; Vesuv, Italy): chalcocyanite, chloraluminite, chlorocalcite, chloromagnesite, chlorothionite, cryptohalite, cuspidine, cyanochroite, eriochalcite, scacchite, eriochalcite, erythrosiderite, lime, melanothallite, microsommite, misenite, periclase, picromerite, pseudocotunnite, voltaite, (Scacchi E: litidionite, euchlorine)
• Blomstrand C W (publication period: 1868–1876): attakolite, augelite, barylite, berlinite, cirrolite, manganosite, trolleite
• Igelström L J (publication period: 1854–1894): arseniopleite, hematolite, manganostibite, manganberzeliite, melanostibite, monimolite^Q, plumboferrite, pyroaurite, pyrochroite, svanbergite
• Sjögren A (publication period: 1884–1888): allactite, barysilite, sarkinite, synadelphite
• Sjögren H (publication period: 1878–1895): adelite, catapleiite, celsian, svabite, tilasite, tritomite-(Ce)
• James Dwight Dana (1813–1895; publication period: ):
• Edward Salisbury Dana (1849–1935; publication period: ): eosphorite, triploidite, dickinsonite, lithiophilite, reddingite, fillowite, fairfieldite
• Charles Palache (1869–1954; publication period: 1904–1951): hydrohausmannite, retgersite
• Clifford Frondel (1907–2002; publication period: 1940–1976): beta-roselite, billingsleyite, blakeite, boltwoodite, chalconatronite, fleischerit, gerstleyite, gonyerite, hendricksite, itoite^Q, lonsdaleite, mackayite, meta-aluminite, novacekite, pyroxferroite, retgersite, roedderite, sabugalite, strunzite, whitlockite, wolfeite, woodruffite
• Michael Fleischer (1908–1998; publication period: 1941–1989): cryptomelane
• Karl Hugo Strunz (1910–2006; publication period: 1948–1978): hagemannite
• Ernest Henry Nickel (1925–2009; publication period: 1956–2010):
• Frank Christopher Hawthorne/ frankhawthorneite (born 1946):

• Peter Carman Burns/ burnsite (born 1966):

• Thomas Armbruster/ armbrusterite (born 1950):
• Russian team

• Eugene I. Semenov
• Igor V. Pekov
• Nikolay Pavlovich Yushkin/ yushkinite (1936–2012)
• Alexey Sergeevich Sakharov
• Liliya Alexandrovna Perekrest/ perlialite, Instructor of Mineralogy at the Kirov Mining Technical School
• Yury Pavlovich Men'shikov/ menshikovite (1934-2013)
• Irina Vladislavovna Bussen/ bussenite (1915-2013)

• Olga Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova

• Alexander Petrovich Khomyakov/ khomyakovite, of the Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements, Moscow, Russia (1933–2012):
• Alexander Efimovich Zadov/ zadovite (1958–2012):

• Type localities

• La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Italy: Adranosite-(Al), Adranosite-(Fe), Aiolosite (TL), Aluminopyracmonite, Argesite, Balićžunićite, Barberiite, Brontesite, Cannizzarite, Clinometaborite, Cossaite, D'ansite-(Fe), Demartinite, Demicheleite-(Br), Demicheleite-(Cl), Demicheleite-(I), Hephaistosite, Hieratite, Knasibfite, Lafossaite, Leguernite, Lucabindiite, Mozgovaite, Panichiite, Pyracmonite, Steropesite, Therasiaite, Thermessaite, Thermessaite-(NH4), Vurroite
• Northern Breakthrough, Great Fissure eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Oblast': Allochalcoselite, Avdoninite, Bradaczekite, Burnsite, Calciolangbeinite, Chlorartinite, Chloromenite, Chrysothallite, Coparsite, Cupromolybdite, Ericlaxmanite, Evdokimovite, Filatovite, Grigorievite, Hatertite, Ilinskite, Kaliochalcite, Kamchatkite, Karpovite, Krasheninnikovite, Leningradite, Meniaylovite, Nabokoite, Nicksobolevite, Parageorgbokiite, Parawulffite, Ponomarevite, Prewittite, Sanguite, Starovaite, Steklite, Tolbachite, Urusovite, Vergasovaite, Vlodavetsite, Wulffite, Yaroshevskite, Yurmarinite

Excluded minerals of the structural groups

• Berlinite structural group:
  • Quartz (silica family, 4.DA.05, R: 3)

References

• Agrell S O, Bown M G, McKie D (1965) Deerite, howieite, and zussmanite, three new minerals from the Franciscan of the Laytonville District, Mendicino Co., California, American Mineralogist 50, 278-278.

• William Alexander Deer, Robert Andrew Howie, and Jack Zussman (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2 ed.

• Hussak E, Prior G T (1895) Lewisite and zirkelite, two new Brazilian minerals, Mineralogical Magazine 11, 80-88
• Lead monoxide

• Larsen E S (1917) Massicot and litharge, the two modifications of lead monoxide, American Mineralogist 2, 18-19.
• Huot J J N (1841) Massicot, in Nouveau Manuel Complet de Minéralogie, Première Partie, A la Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret (Paris) 346-347.

• Moses A J (1904) Eglestonit, terlinguaït und montroydit, neue quecksilbermineralien von Terlingua in Texas, Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 39, 3-13
• Solly R H (1905) Some new minerals from the Binnenthal, Switzerland, Mineralogical Magazine 14, 72-82

• Minerals: hutchinsonite, lengenbachite, marrite, smithite, trechmannite

• Vaes J F (1947) Six nouveaux minéraux d'urane provenant de Shinkolobwe (Katanga), Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 70, 212-225

• Minerals: billietite, vandendriesscheite, masuyite, richetite, studtite, rutherfordine (syn. diderichite)

• Vuorelainen Y, Huhma A, Häkli A (1964) Sederholmite, wilkmanite, kullerudite, mäkinenite, and trüstedtite, five new nickel selenide minerals, Comptes Rendus de la Société Géologique de Finlande 36, 113-125.
• Wright F E (1908) On three contact minerals from Valardeña, Durango, Mexico. (Gehlenite, spurrite and hillebrandite), The American Journal of Science 176, 545-554
• New Cornelia mine, Ajo, Pima Co., Arizona; navajoite and shattuckite

• Hutton C O, Vlisidis A C (1960) Papagoite, a new copper-bearing mineral from Ajo, Arizona, American Mineralogist 45, 599-611
• Schaller W T, Vlisidis A C, (1958) Ajoite, a new hydrous aluminum copper silicate, American Mineralogist 43, 1107-1111
• Weeks A D, Thompson M E, Sherwood A M (1954) Navajoite, a new vanadium oxide from Arizona, Science 119, 326-326

• The arrojadite enigma (CNMMN 05-D, October 2005)

• Miguel Arrojado Ribeiro Lisboa (1872–1932; arrojadite mineral group and genus Arrojadoa (Q135634))
• Reverend John William Dickinson (1835–1899) of Redding, Connecticut, USA
• Dickinsonite-(KMnNa): Fillow Quarry (Branchville Quarry; Branchville Mica Mine; Smith Mine), Branchville, Ridgefield, Fairfield Co., Connecticut, USA
• Arrojadite-(KFe) or hühnerkobelite

• Serra Branca pegmatite, Pedra Lavrada, Borborema mineral province, Paraíba, Brazil
• Nickel Plate Mine, Keystone, Keystone District, Pennington Co., South Dakota, USA

• Brush G J, Dana E S (1878) On a new and remarkable mineral locality in Fairfield County, Connecticut; with a description of several new species occurring there. First Paper, American Journal of Science and Arts 116, 33-46; 114-123

• Minerals: eosphorite, triploidite, dickinsonite, lithiophilite, reddingite

• Brush G J, Dana E S (1879) On the mineral locality in Fairfield County, Connecticut, with the description of two additional new species. Second Paper, American Journal of Science and Arts 17, 359-368 (fillowite and fairfieldite)
• Guimarães D (1925) Arrojadita, um novo mineral do grupo da wagnerita, Publicação da Inspectoria de Obras Contra as Seccas, Rio de Janeiro 58, 119-122
• Larsen E S (1940) Overite and montgomeryite: two new mineral from Fairfield, Utah, American Mineralogist 25, 315-326
• Moore P B, Ito J (1974) I. Jahnsite, segelerite, and robertsite, three new transition metal phosphate species II. Redefinition of overite, an isotype of segelerite III. Isotypy of robertsite, mitridatite, and arseniosiderite, American Mineralogist 59, 48-59
• Moore P B, Kampf A R (1977) Schoonerite, a new zinc-manganese-iron phosphate mineral, American Mineralogist 62, 246-249
• Moore P B, Ito J (1978) I. Whiteite, a new species, and a proposed nomenclature for the jahnsite-whiteite complex series. II. New data on xanthoxenite. III. Salmonsite discredited., Mineralogical Magazine 42, 309-323
• Moore P B, Ito J (1979) Alluaudites, wyllieites, arrojadites: crystal chemistry and nomenclature, Mineralogical Magazine 43, 227-235
• Cámara, F., Oberti, R., Chopin, C., Medenbach, O. (2006). "The arrojadite enigma: I. A new formula and a new model for the arrojadite structure". American Mineralogist 91: 1249–1259.
• Chopin, C., Oberti, R., Cámara, F. (2006). "The arrojadite enigma: II. Compositional space, new members and nomenclature of the group". American Mineralogist 91: 1260–1270.