(Q36003704)

11 August 2017

External validity of randomised controlled trials: "to whom do the results of this trial apply?". (English)

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randomized controlled trial

11 August 2017

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Peter M Rothwell

1

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PubMed ID

15639683

11 August 2017

language of work or name

English

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publication date

1 January 2005

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11 August 2017

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11 August 2017

365

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11 August 2017

82-93

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11 August 2017

9453

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Common sense and figures: the rhetoric of validity in medicine (Bradford Hill Memorial Lecture 1999).

11 August 2017

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Size isn't everything

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Evidence based medicine: concerns of a clinical neurologist

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Evidence-based and evidence-biased medicine

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The rise and fall of EBM

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Grey zones of clinical practice: some limits to evidence-based medicine.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Evidence-based medicine and hypertension.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

On evidence, embellishment and efficacy

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https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine"

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Trends in the use of drug therapies in patients with acute myocardial infarction: 1988 to 1992.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Clinical judgment and clinical practice guidelines

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Effects of patient management guidelines on physician practice patterns: the Community Hospital Oncology Program experience

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Attributes of clinical guidelines that influence use of guidelines in general practice: observational study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Antihypertensive therapy: beta-blockers and diuretics-why do physicians not always follow guidelines?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomised controlled trials in primary care: case study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Recruiting family physicians and patients for a clinical trial: lessons learned

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Applying research evidence to individuals in primary care: a study using non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Can randomised trials inform clinical decisions about individual patients?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Evidence-based practice in primary care: past, present and future

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Threats to applicability of randomised trials: exclusions and selective participation

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The case for better research standards in peripheral thrombolysis: poor quality of randomized trials during the past decade

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomized controlled trials in schizophrenia: a critical perspective on the literature

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Generalisability of results from randomised drug trials. A trial on antimanic treatment

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Clinical trials of arrhythmia management: methods or madness.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Effectiveness of self-management training in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

How generalizable are the results of large randomized controlled trials of antiretroviral therapy?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Relevance of clinical trial results in myocardial infarction to medical practice: comparison of four year outcome in participants of a thrombolytic trial, patients receiving routine thrombolysis, and those deemed ineligible for thrombolysis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Applying results of randomised trials to clinical practice: impact of losses before randomisation.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Initial antidepressant choice in primary care. Effectiveness and cost of fluoxetine vs tricyclic antidepressants

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Incommunicable knowledge? Interpreting and applying the results of clinical trials and meta-analyses

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

WHO guidelines for good clinical practice (GCP) for trials on pharmaceutical products: responsibilities of the investigator.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Clinical research: regulatory issues.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

General practice consultations: is there any point in being positive?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Placebo effect in double-blind clinical trials: a review of interactions with medications

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Powerful placebo: the dark side of the randomised controlled trial.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Assessment of the feasibility and impact of shared decision making in prostate cancer.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Patients' decisions about whether or not to take antihypertensive drugs: qualitative study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Understanding patients' decisions. Cognitive and emotional perspectives

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Analysis of randomized and nonrandomized patients in clinical trials using the comprehensive cohort follow-up study design

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Differences in medical and surgical therapy for stroke prevention between leading experts in North America and Western Europe.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The implications of variation in outcome between health professionals for the design and analysis of randomized controlled trials.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The effectiveness of surgery for stress incontinence in women: a systematic review.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Surgical results: a justification of the surgeon selection process for the ACAS trial. The ACAS Investigators

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Symptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a solvable problem. North American Symptomatic carotid Endarterectomy Trial

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Breast cancer therapy: exercising all our options

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The exclusion of the elderly and women from clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Exclusion of elderly people from clinical research: a descriptive study of published reports

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in the community

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Prevalence, incidence and prognosis of gastrointestinal symptoms in a random sample of an elderly population

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Predicted impact of intravenous thrombolysis on prognosis of general population of stroke patients: simulation model

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Acute stroke therapy trials: problems in patient accrual

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Underutilization of thrombolytic therapy in eligible women with acute myocardial infarction

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Towards a model stroke trial. The single-centre naftidrofuryl study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Generalisability of clinical trials in otitis media with effusion

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Beyond randomized clinical trials: applying clinical experience in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Selection of patients with acute myocardial infarction for thrombolytic therapy

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Consecutive screening and enrollment in clinical trials: the way to representative patient samples?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomized and non-randomized patients in clinical trials: experiences with comprehensive cohort studies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Centralised treatment, entry to trials and survival

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Intravenous beta blockade in acute myocardial infarction. Doubts exist about external validity of trials of intravenous beta blockade

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Run-in periods in randomized trials: implications for the application of results in clinical practice.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Patient compliance and the conduct and interpretation of therapeutic trials.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The Sodium-Potassium Blood Pressure Trial in Children. Design, recruitment, and randomization: the children and adolescent blood pressure program

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A Clinical Trial Design Avoiding Undue Placebo Treatment

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Methodological problems in studies of depressive disorder: utility of the discontinuation design

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomizing responders. Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) investigators.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Threats to the validity of clinical trials employing enrichment strategies for sample selection

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. The Tacrine Collaborative Study Group.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Methodologic standards in surgical trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Reporting the study populations of clinical trials. Clear transmission or static on the line?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Major bleeding during anticoagulation after cerebral ischemia: patterns and risk factors. Stroke Prevention In Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT). European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (EAFT) study groups.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Association of outpatient utilisation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hospitalised heart failure in the entire Swedish population

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Antiarrhythmic therapies for the prevention of sudden cardiac death

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG)

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A comparison of oral milrinone, digoxin, and their combination in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Safety and efficacy of epoprostenol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Epoprostenol Multicenter Research Group.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: The Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST).

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Can drug effects on mortality in heart failure be predicted by any surrogate measure?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe heart failure. Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II) Investigators

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Methodological and statistical problems in the construction of composite measurement scales: a survey of six medical and epidemiological journals.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Methodology and overt and hidden bias in reports of 196 double-blind trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Doctors and patients don't agree: cross sectional study of patients' and doctors' perceptions and assessments of disability in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Design of clinical antiepileptic drug trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Difficulties in extrapolating from clinical trial data to clinical practice: the case of antiepileptic drugs

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis: disappointing long-term outcomes despite successful short-term clinical trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Reporting of safety data from randomised trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Discontinuation of and changes in treatment after start of new courses of antihypertensive drugs: a study of a United Kingdom population

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Discontinuation of antihyperlipidemic drugs--do rates reported in clinical trials reflect rates in primary care settings?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Study of information submitted by drug companies to licensing authorities

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Synthesising licensing data to assess drug safety

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Failure to prescribe warfarin to patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Methods in health services research. Interpreting the evidence: choosing between randomised and non-randomised studies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the coronary drug project

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917670-8

7 January 2021

10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17670-8

Identifiers

DOI

1 reference

11 August 2017

1 reference

PubMed ID

15639683