(Q39912465)

15 September 2017

Induction of galectin-1 expression by HTLV-I Tax and its impact on HTLV-I infectivity (English)

1 reference

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1

15 September 2017

0 references

1 reference

3

1 reference

15 September 2017

Sonia Gauthier

1

1 reference

15 September 2017

Isabelle Pelletier

2

1 reference

15 September 2017

Amandine Vargas

4

1 reference

15 September 2017

Michel J Tremblay

5

1 reference

15 September 2017

Sachiko Sato

6

1 reference

15 September 2017

Benoit Barbeau

7

1 reference

15 September 2017

language of work or name

1 reference

25 November 2008

1 reference

15 September 2017

1 reference

15 September 2017

5

1 reference

15 September 2017

105

1 reference

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I infects human lung epithelial cells and induces gene expression of cytokines, chemokines and cell adhesion molecules

15 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Cell-free HTLV-1 infects dendritic cells leading to transmission and transformation of CD4(+) T cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Isolated receptor binding domains of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 envelopes bind Glut-1 on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Dissecting the pathophysiologic role of endogenous lectins: glycan-binding proteins with cytokine-like activity?

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

DC-SIGN facilitates fusion of dendritic cells with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Unconventional secretory routes: direct protein export across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

A new sensitive and quantitative HTLV-I-mediated cell fusion assay in T cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Plunder and stowaways: incorporation of cellular proteins by enveloped viruses

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein promoter P3 by ETS-1 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Seminal fluid enhances replication of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: implications for sexual transmission

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Regulation of the GATA3 promoter by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

T-cell activation leads to poor activation of the HIV-1 clade E long terminal repeat and weak association of nuclear factor-kappaB and NFAT with its enhancer region

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

HTLV envelopes and their receptor GLUT1, the ubiquitous glucose transporter: a new vision on HTLV infection?

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Infectious transmission and replication of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Galectin genes: regulation of expression.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Introduction to galectins

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Activation of Galectin-1 gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma involves methylation-sensitive complex formations at the transcriptional upstream and downstream elements

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

The mystery of nonclassical protein secretion. A current view on cargo proteins and potential export routes

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein stimulates the interferon-responsive enhancer element via NF-kappaB activity

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Oligosaccharide specificity of galectins: a search by frontal affinity chromatography.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Transcription profile of cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I compared with activated lymphocytes

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Presence of host ICAM-1 in laboratory and clinical strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 increases virus infectivity and CD4(+)-T-cell depletion in human lymphoid tissue, a major site of replication in vivo

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Examining human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and replication by cell-free infection with recombinant virus vectors

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection of mice: proliferation of cell clones with integrated HTLV-1 provirus in lymphoid organs

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Reciprocal interactions between human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and prostaglandins: implications for viral transmission

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

HTLV type 1 infection in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): a promising animal model for HTLV type 1 human infection

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Secretion of the galectin family of mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

On the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I-associated myelopathy

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 syncytium formation is regulated in a cell-specific manner by ICAM-1, ICAM-3 and VCAM-1 and can be inhibited by antibodies to integrin beta2 or beta7.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Beta-galactoside-binding protein secreted by activated T cells inhibits antigen-induced proliferation of T cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

HTLV-1-associated diseases

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Transcriptional activation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene in T lymphocytes expressing human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein transforms rat fibroblasts via two distinct pathways.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced syncytium formation mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: evidence for involvement of cell adhesion molecules in HTLV-1 biology

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Activation of the IL-2 gene promoter by HTLV-I tax involves induction of NF-AT complexes bound to the CD28-responsive element

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T lymphotropic virus-I infection of human T lymphocytes induces expression of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human thymic epithelial cells express an endogenous lectin, galectin-1, which binds to core 2 O-glycans on thymocytes and T lymphoblastoid cells

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Growth of macrophage-tropic and primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates in a unique CD4+ T-cell clone (PM1): failure to downregulate CD4 and to interfere with cell-line-tropic HIV-1.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

The amino terminus of Tax is required for interaction with the cyclic AMP response element binding protein

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Role of T3 surface molecules in human T-cell activation: T3-dependent activation results in an increase in cytoplasmic free calcium

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Detection, Isolation, and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Comparison of T cell receptor alpha, beta, and gamma gene rearrangement and expression in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Requirement of multiple copies of a 21-nucleotide sequence in the U3 regions of human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II long terminal repeats for trans-acting activation of transcription

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Cis-acting sequences responsible for the transcriptional activation of human T-cell leukemia virus type I constitute a conditional enhancer

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Infection of HTLV-III/LAV in HTLV-I-carrying cells MT-2 and MT-4 and application in a plaque assay

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Differential susceptibility to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus in cloned cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

In vivo cellular tropism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines by cell-free human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Activation of NF-kappa B by the Tax protein of HTLV-1.

22 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

The family of metazoan metal-independent beta-galactoside-binding lectins: structure, function and molecular evolution

25 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Involvement of NF-AT in type I human T-cell leukemia virus Tax-mediated Fas ligand promoter transactivation

25 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Activation of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription and virus replication via NF-kappaB-dependent and -independent pathways by potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, the peroxovanadium compounds

25 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Characterization and functional dissection of the galactin‐1 gene promoter

25 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

High resolution methylation analysis of the galectin-1 gene promoter region in expressing and nonexpressing tissues.

25 September 2017

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Transformation of human leukocytes by cocultivation with an adult T cell leukemia virus producer cell line

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Isolation and transmission of human retrovirus (human t-cell leukemia virus).

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Monoclonal antibody and enzymatic profiles of human malignant T-lymphoid cells and derived cell lines.

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Restricted expression of human T-cell leukemia--lymphoma virus (HTLV) in transformed human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

A transcriptional enhancer sequence of HTLV-I is responsible for trans-activation mediated by p40 chi HTLV-I.

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Induction of HTLV-III/LAV from a nonvirus-producing T-cell line: implications for latency

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

A microtransfection method using the luciferase-encoding reporter gene for the assay of human immunodeficiency virus LTR promoter activity

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Neither the LCK nor the FYN kinases are obligatory for IL-2-mediated signal transduction in HTLV-I-infected human T cells

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1, tax protein triggers microtubule reorientation in the virological synapse

15 June 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Engagement of specific T-cell surface molecules regulates cytoskeletal polarization in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes.

20 August 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Galectin-1 acts as a soluble host factor that promotes HIV-1 infectivity through stabilization of virus attachment to host cells

20 August 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Molecular pathologic analysis of the tonsil in HTLV-I-infected individuals.

20 August 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Gene expression profiles in HTLV-I-immortalized T cells: deregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis regulation.

20 August 2018

1 reference

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pmc&linkname=pmc_refs_pubmed&retmode=json&id=2613925

Galectin-1 promotes HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages through stabilization of viral adsorption

20 August 2018

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032754

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Galectin-1 gene expression and methylation state in human T leukemia cell lines

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032754

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Characterization of recombinant human interleukin-2 with micromethods

1 reference

PubMed

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032754

inferred from PubMed ID database lookup

12 December 2020

based on heuristic

Identifiers

DOI

10.1186/1742-4690-5-105

1 reference

Dimensions Publication ID

15 September 2017

0 references

1 reference

15 September 2017

PubMed publication ID

19032754

1 reference