(Q39935943)

15 September 2017

1 reference

title

Chromosome Errors and Antisocial Behavior (English)

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

main subject

chromosome abnormality

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?resulttype=core&format=json&query=SRC%3AMED%20AND%20EXT_ID%3A4590115

sex chromosome aberration

9 February 2023

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?resulttype=core&format=json&query=SRC%3AMED%20AND%20EXT_ID%3A4590115

9 February 2023

author name string

D. Baker

1

1 reference

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?resulttype=core&format=json&query=SRC%3AMED%20AND%20EXT_ID%3A4590115

9 February 2023

language of work or name

English

1 reference

National Center for Biotechnology Information

https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi?db=pubmed&retmode=json&id=4590115

9 February 2023

publication date

1 January 1972

1 reference

full work available at URL

15 September 2017

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10408367209151322

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

9 February 2023

published in

1 reference

15 September 2017

3

1 reference

15 September 2017

41-101

1 reference

15 September 2017

1

1 reference

Syndrome Characterized by Gynecomastia, Aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and Increased Excretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone1

15 September 2017

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A morphological distinction between neurones of the male and female, and the behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF MAN

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A sex-chromosome anomaly in a case of gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome).

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Evidence for the existence of the human "super female".

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A case of human intersexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Multiple congenital anomaly caused by an extra autosome

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

A new trisomic syndrome

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Aggressive behavior, mental sub-normality and the XYY male

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

SEX CHROMOSOMES AND THE LAW

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Males with an XYY sex chromosome complement

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Further information on the identity of 47,XYY males

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

Chromosome nomenclature

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Human chromosome abnormalities as related to physical and mental dysfunction

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A morphological sex difference in the polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Chromosome preparations of leukocytes cultured from human peripheral blood

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Lactosylceramidosis: Lactosylceramide galactosyl hydrolase deficiency and accumulation of lactosylceramide in cultured skin fibroblasts

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

Do Genes determine Sex?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

The XYY karyotype and criminality: A review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Psychopathy, Mental Deficiency, Aggressiveness and the XYY Syndrome

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

YY syndrome in an American Negro

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Sexually deviant behavior in Klinefelter's syndrome.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A survey of sex-chromosome abnormalities among 4514 mental defectives.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Chromosome studies on men in a Maximum Security Hospital

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Criminal patients with XYY sex-chromosome complement

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Criminal Behaviour and the XYY Male

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Behaviour disorders and pattern of crime among XYY males identified at a maximum security hospital

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Incidence of Gross Chromosomal Errors among Tall Criminal American Males

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Sex Chromosomes, Crime, and Psychosis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

XYY Survey in an Institution for Sex Offenders and the Mentally III

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Chromosomes of Male Patients in a Security Prison

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Prevalence of XYY and XXY Karyotypes in 337 Nonretarded Young Offenders

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Psychological and sociological investigation of XYY prisoners.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Chromosome studies on 3500 newborn male infants.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

X Chromosome Errors in Female Criminals

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

Chromosomes of tall men.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Extra Y Chromosome and Its Psychiatric Implications

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Gross chromosomal errors in tall men admitted to mental hospitals.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Neurological abnormalities in XYY males

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

XYY males in a Melbourne prison.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

The XYY chromosomal complement and nodulocystic acne.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

The electrocardiogram in males with the 47,XYY karyotype.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Sexual psychopathology in the hypogonodal male.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Disorders of brain and connective tissue in a patient with 47,XYY karyotype.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Abnormalities in urinary gonadotrophin excretion in men with a 47,XYV sex chromosome constitution

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Plasma testosterone and luteinising hormone in XYY men.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Gonadotrophins and testosterone in the XYY syndrome.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Serum growth hormone level after oral glucose load, urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotrophin and 17-ketosteroids in XYY syndrome.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Luteinising hormone in XYY men.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Hormone levels in men with extra Y chromosomes.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Transmission of 47, XYY karyotype?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

Meiosis in an XYY male

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

THE PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

XYY constitution in prepubertal child.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Hypsarrhythmic EEG patterns in the first year of life: a 6-12 year clinical outcome.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

XYY karyotype in monozygotic twins.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Psychological Characteristics Associated with XYY Sex-Chromosome Complement in a State Mental Hospital

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Psychopathology of Klinefelter's syndrome; review of thirty-one cases

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Psychiatric aspects of Klinefelter's syndrome

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Hormonal Influences on Brain Organization in Infant Rats

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Morphological changes in the brains of adult male rats after neonatal castration

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Sexual Dimorphism in the Preoptic Area of the Rat

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Height and Antisocial Behavior in XY and XYY Boys

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Male sexual deviation. Association with early temporal lobe damage.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Further Psychiatric Investigations of Patients with Temporal and Nontemporal Lobe Epilepsy

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Organic causes of minimal brain dysfunction. Perinatal origin of minimal cerebral lesions.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Abnormal Sex Chromosomes and Mental Disorder

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRAIN-DAMAGED CHILDREN; THREE CASE STUDIES.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Chance, mental illness, and crime.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

On necessary and sufficient conditions in psychiatric explanation.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Crimino-biologic study of patients with the XYY syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Competition for mating between ordinary and supermale Japanese medaka fish

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME AND BEHAVIOUR.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

The YY chromosome complement. What does it mean?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

YY syndrome and sampling techniques

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Phenylketonuria Testing - Its Role in Pediatrics and Public Health

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

BONE ABNORMALITIES AND XYY SYNDROME

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

A Presumptive Human XXY/XX Mosaic

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Structural Abnormalities of the Y Chromosome in Man

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

XYY Chromosomal Constitution in Prison Populations

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F10408367209151322

The somatic chromosomes in mongolism

21 January 2018

9

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromosomal sex in the syndrome of testicular feminisation

9 February 2023

14

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

A Mongol girl with 46 chromosomes

9 February 2023

18

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Human population cytogenetics

9 February 2023

27

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Smears from the oral mucosa in the detection of chromosomal sex

9 February 2023

41

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

Studies from the hair

43

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

The introduction of fluorescent technique in cytogenetic diagnosis

9 February 2023

46

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Screening of newborn infants for abnormalities of the Y chromosome

9 February 2023

47

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Y-specific fluorescence in peripheral blood leukocytes

9 February 2023

49

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

50

61

Borgaonkar D. S.

1970

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Antisocial behaviour and a large Y chromosome

9 February 2023

51

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Cytogenetical and clinical investigations in four subjects with anomalies of sexual development

9 February 2023

55

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

XYY Karyotype in Eunuchoidal Phenotypic Female

9 February 2023

56

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Hypertrichosis of the pinna of the human ear, Y-linked pedigrees

9 February 2023

57

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Sex chromosomal abnormalities

9 February 2023

58

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Structural abnormalities of the sex chromosomes

9 February 2023

61

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

A family with balanced D1?Cs-translocation carriers and unbalanced offspring

9 February 2023

63

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromosomal abnormalities in idiopathic osteoarthropathy

9 February 2023

65

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Genetics of common disorders

9 February 2023

66

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

The XYY status in children

9 February 2023

70

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

YY syndrome in an American Negro

9 February 2023

73

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

YY syndrome in a Mexican

76

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

A chromosome survey of 2,400 normal newborn infants

9 February 2023

77

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities in Two State Hospitals for Patients requiring Special Security

9 February 2023

83

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Prevalence of the XYY syndrome in an institution for psychologically abnormal criminals

9 February 2023

97

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Prevalence and incidence of the XYY syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome in an institution for criminal psychopaths

9 February 2023

98

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Intelligence, EEG, Personality Deviation, and Criminality in Patients with the XYY Syndrome

9 February 2023

99

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromosome surveys in penal institutions and approved schools

9 February 2023

102

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromosome aberrations in 2159 consecutive newborn babies

9 February 2023

110

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromosomal Abnormalities in the Human Population: Estimation of Rates Based on New Haven Newborn Study

9 February 2023

111

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Mental illness and patterns of behavior in 10 XXY males

9 February 2023

120

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

An attempt to identify prisoners with an XYY chromosome complement by psychiatric and psychological means

9 February 2023

122

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Chromatin-positive and XYY boys in approved schools

9 February 2023

126

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

XYY syndrome, and XYY-XXYY mosaicism also showing features of Klinefelter's syndrome

9 February 2023

132

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Bone abnormalities in the XYY syndrome

9 February 2023

134

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

XYY karyotype in a case of familial hypogonadism

9 February 2023

139

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Heterotopic-bone formation in two males with the 47,XYY karyotype

9 February 2023

140

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Sole dermatoglyphics of XYY patients

9 February 2023

143

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Dermatoglyphic Study of Six Patients with the XYY Syndrome

9 February 2023

144

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Genes on the Y chromosome influencing rate of maturation in man: skeletal age studies in children with Klinefelter's (XXY) and Turner's (XO) syndromes

9 February 2023

145

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

YY-syndrome forms

146

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

The electrocardiogram in males with extra Y chromosomes

9 February 2023

147

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

YY chromosomes and Klinefelter's syndrome

9 February 2023

151

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Meiosis and testicular histology in XYY males

9 February 2023

156

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

A normal XYY man

157

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

The YY syndrome

158

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Testosterone excretion rates in normal males and males with an XYY complement

9 February 2023

160

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Plasma testosterone levels in males with the 47,XYY karyotype

9 February 2023

167

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Psychopathology and testis histology in a patient with the XYY syndrome.

9 February 2023

171

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Failure of transmission of the extra chromosome in subjects with 47,XYY karyotype

9 February 2023

175

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Hormones and the XYY syndrome

9 February 2023

179

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Studies on spermatogenesis, meiotic chromosomes, and sperm morphology in two males with a 47,XYY chromosome complement

9 February 2023

180

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM IN THE KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

9 February 2023

181

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

XYY and XXY inmates of security prison: EEG findings

9 February 2023

187

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

XYY and intelligence

191

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

XYY genotype. Report of a case in a male

9 February 2023

192

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Psychologic Findings Associated with the XO, XXY, and XYY Anomalies

9 February 2023

196

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Cytogenetic and psychosexual incongruities with a note on space-form blindness

9 February 2023

199

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME.

9 February 2023

200

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

The effects of testosterone treatment in Klinefelter's syndrome

9 February 2023

203

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

HORMONES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

9 February 2023

206

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

An XYY sex-chromosome constitution in the mouse

9 February 2023

209

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

YY chromosomes and Klinefelter's syndrome

9 February 2023

211

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Correlation between Stature, Character Disorder and Criminality

9 February 2023

212

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Characteristics of children referred because of hyperactivity

9 February 2023

222

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Psychopathic Personality Concept Evaluated and Reevaluated

9 February 2023

236

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Criminality Among Patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome and the Xyy Syndrome

9 February 2023

238

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

Medical Limits of Criminality

9 February 2023

246

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

The nature of genetical disease

9 February 2023

249

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

257

6

142

Clark G. R

1969

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109/10408367209151322

9 February 2023

Identifiers

1 reference

15 September 2017

1 reference