(Q34285013)

1 August 2017

title

The clinical toxicology of γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol (English)

1 reference

1 August 2017

Bruno Mégarbane

5

0 references

Robin J Slaughter

object named as

Robin J Slaughter

3

0 references

author name string

Leo J Schep

1

1 reference

1 August 2017

Kai Knudsen

2

1 reference

1 August 2017

J Allister Vale

4

1 reference

1 August 2017

language of work or name

English

0 references

publication date

1 July 2012

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1 August 2017

1 reference

1 August 2017

volume

50

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1 August 2017

issue

6

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1 August 2017

page(s)

458-470

1 reference

GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE, A NORMAL BRAIN METABOLITE.

1 August 2017

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Driving under the influence of GHB?

21 January 2018

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Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB): report of a mass intoxication and review of the literature

21 January 2018

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Forensic cases involving the use of GHB in The Netherlands

21 January 2018

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Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault

21 January 2018

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Forensic urinalysis of drug use in cases of alleged sexual assault

21 January 2018

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Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period

21 January 2018

1 reference

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The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

From Club Drug to Orphan Drug: Sodium Oxybate (Xyrem) for the Treatment of Cataplexy

21 January 2018

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https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a review

21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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2010 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report

21 January 2018

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https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signalling system in brain: organization and functional implications.

21 January 2018

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Regional distribution of high-affinity gamma-[3H]hydroxybutyrate binding sites as determined by quantitative autoradiography.

21 January 2018

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Selective distribution pattern of gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptors in the rat forebrain and midbrain as revealed by quantitative autoradiography

21 January 2018

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Evidence for a G protein-coupled gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor

21 January 2018

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Extracellular events induced by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in striatum: a microdialysis study.

21 January 2018

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The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and anticonvulsants on opioid peptide content in the rat brain

21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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The gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of absence seizures: correlation of regional brain levels of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone with spike wave discharges

21 January 2018

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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate promotes oscillatory activity of rat and cat thalamocortical neurons by a tonic GABAB, receptor-mediated hyperpolarization.

21 January 2018

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Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers.

21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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21 January 2018

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The pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution following acute and chronic administration to narcoleptic patients

21 January 2018

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Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Effect of moderate or severe liver dysfunction on the pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Clinical pharmacology of 1,4-butanediol and gamma-hydroxybutyrate after oral 1,4-butanediol administration to healthy volunteers

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

An EEG-behavioral study of sodium hydroxybutyrate in humans.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Placental transfer of 4-hydroxybutyrate

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

21 January 2018

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyrate. Correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels with electroencephalographic and behavioral effects

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the monkey: I. Electroencephalographic, behavioral, and pharmacokinetic studies

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

GAMMA HYDROXYBUTYRATE AND GAMMA BUTYROLACTONE: CONCENTRATION IN RAT TISSUES DURING ANESTHESIA.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from mammalian brain: subunit analysis using polyclonal antiserum

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Conversion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate to gamma-aminobutyrate in vitro

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

1,4-Butanediol and ethanol compete for degradation in rat brain and liver in vitro

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

4-methylpyrazole decreases 1,4-butanediol toxicity by blocking its in vivo biotransformation to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Treatment of a 1,4-butanediol poisoning with fomepizole

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE METABOLISM OF GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE AND GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Blood GHB concentrations and results of medical examinations in 25 car drivers in Norway

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyrate overdose: two cases illustrate the unique aspects of this dangerous recreational drug.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Coma in a 20-month-old child from an ingestion of a toy containing 1,4-butanediol, a precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Coma and respiratory depression following the ingestion of GHB and its precursors: three cases

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: a health-food product producing coma and seizurelike activity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Comatose teenagers at a party: what a tangled 'Web' we weave

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol: a case report and review of the literature

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose and physostigmine: teaching new tricks to an old drug?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

[gamma ]-Hydroxybutyrate poisoning: Poisoning from toy beads

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

γ‐Hydroxybutyrate in narcolepsy

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyrate poisoning

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Acetone-free nail polish remover pads: toxicity in a 9-month old

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Diagnosis of unsuspected gamma hydroxy-butyrate poisoning by proton NMR.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Intoxications due to ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone: organ distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Intoxication due to 1,4-butanediol

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Pediatric gamma hydroxybutyrate intoxication.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

γ-Hydroxybutyrate: experience of 9 years of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related incidents during rave parties in The Netherlands

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Agitation is common in gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Nonfatal instances of intoxication with gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the United Kingdom

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 30-2003. A 21-year-old man with sudden alteration of mental status

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in biological specimens by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

An evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in paediatric practice

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

21 January 2018

Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Pulmonary oedema caused by "liquid ecstasy" ingestion

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Three deaths associated with use of Xyrem

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Case series of 226 γ-hydroxybutyrate–associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate associated deaths.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Forensic toxicology findings in deaths involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

A multi-drug intoxication fatality involving Xyrem (GHB).

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

ynergy of ethanol and a natural soporific--gamma hydroxybutyrate.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Evaluation and development of gas chromatographic procedures for the determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone in plasma

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

GC-MS determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in blood

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Analysis of GHB and 4-methyl-GHB in postmortem matrices after long-term storage

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

GHB in postmortem toxicology. Discrimination between endogenous production from exposure using multiple specimens

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in the blood of impaired drivers, users of illicit drugs, and medical examiner cases

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Therapeutic gamma-hydroxybutyric acid monitoring in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in humans and factors affecting endogenous production

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Further evidence for the presence of GHB in postmortem biological fluid: implications for the interpretation of findings

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in postmortem biological fluids

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Further evidence of in vitro production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in urine samples

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Acute toxicity and withdrawal syndromes related to γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogues γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD).

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Should phenytoin or barbiturates be used as second-line anticonvulsant therapy for toxicological seizures?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

A comprehensive review of MDMA and GHB: two common club drugs

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Physostigmine as a treatment for gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicity: a review.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Physostigmine for gamma-hydroxybutyrate coma: inefficacy, adverse events, and review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Effect of anesthetic doses of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the acetylcholine content of rat brain

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Physostigmine does not effect arousal but produces toxicity in an animal model of severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxication

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Use of physostigmine in the management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Naloxone antagonizes ethanol- but not gamma-hydroxybutyrate-induced sleep in mice

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Coma induced by abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBH or liquid ecstasy): a case report

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

An investigation of flumazenil to antagonize gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxication in a murine model

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

The anxiolytic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus maze is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Resuscitative treatments on 1,4-butanediol mortality in mice

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Resuscitative effect of a gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor antagonist on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid mortality in mice

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Physical dependence on sodium oxybate.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Gamma-hydroxy butyrate withdrawal delirium: a case report.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate withdrawal and chloral hydrate.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3109%2F15563650.2012.702218

Severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal: a case report and literature review

21 January 2018

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Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency

21 January 2018

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GHB-induced delirium: a case report and review of the literature of gamma hydroxybutyric acid

21 January 2018

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Gamma butyrolactone (GBL) withdrawal syndromes

21 January 2018

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Successful management of prolonged gamma-hydroxybutyrate and alcohol withdrawal.

21 January 2018

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Prolonged withdrawal from extreme gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) abuse

21 January 2018

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Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL) withdrawal: five case studies

21 January 2018

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A case of withdrawal from the GHB precursors gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol

21 January 2018

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Pentobarbital for severe gamma-butyrolactone withdrawal

21 January 2018

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Seven days of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use produces severe withdrawal.

21 January 2018

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A 16-year-old boy with severe gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) withdrawal delirium

21 January 2018

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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) withdrawal: a case report

21 January 2018

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Two cases of severe gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal delirium on a psychiatric unit: recommendations for management

21 January 2018

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"Grievous bodily harm:" gamma hydroxybutyrate abuse leading to a Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

21 January 2018

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Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal

21 January 2018

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Two cases of withdrawal from 1,4-Butanediol use.

21 January 2018

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Baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal

21 January 2018

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Lack of efficacy of benzodiazepines in treating gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal

21 January 2018

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In-patient detoxification after GHB dependence.

21 January 2018

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Dexmedetomidine to facilitate drug withdrawal

21 January 2018

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Verve and Jolt: deadly new Internet drugs.

21 January 2018

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10.3109/15563650.2012.702218

21 January 2018

Identifiers

DOI

1 reference

1 August 2017

1 reference