(Q20035886)

Gene Ontology release 2019-11-16

L-proline transmembrane transporter activity

subject has role

cargo

1 reference

Gene Ontology release 2019-11-16

L-proline import across plasma membrane

subject has role

cargo

1 reference

Gene Ontology release 2020-05-02

casein

proportion

0.123

1 reference

0.128

1 reference

0.103

1 reference

1 reference

L-Proline (English)

17 November 2015

L-Prolin - L-Proline.svg
156 × 120; 8 KB

0 references

mass

115.063±0 dalton

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

2 references

inferred from InChIKey

1 reference

1 reference

1 reference

ChEBI release 2021-03-01

chemical formula

C₅H₉NO₂

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

C1CC(NC1)C(=O)O

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1

1 reference

14 February 2018

162.3 gram per 100 gram of solvent

solvent

water

temperature

25 degree Celsius

1 reference

Food Chemistry

1.5 gram per 100 gram of solvent

solvent

ethanol

temperature

19 degree Celsius

1 reference

Food Chemistry

pKa

10.60

1 reference

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1st student edition)

World Health Organisation international non-proprietary name

proline (English)

1 reference

Recon 2.2: from reconstruction to model of human metabolism

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

2 references

A community-driven global reconstruction of human metabolism.

Plumeria

1 reference

Chemical Constituents of the Genus Illicium

Ramalina fraxinea

1 reference

Chemical composition of the Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. thallus

Achillea collina

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea roseo-alba

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea setacea

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea millefolium

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea aspleniifolia

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea ceretanica

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea pratensis

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea pannonica

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea crithmifolia

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea nobilis

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Achillea sibirica

1 reference

Betaines and free proline within the Achillea millefolium group

Artemisia absinthium

1 reference

A study of the chemical composition of a wormwood infusion

Pseudotsuga menziesii

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Abies balsamea

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Tsuga heterophylla

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Juniperus scopulorum

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Juniperus occidentalis

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Pinus contorta

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Picea glauca

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Picea mariana

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Picea pungens

1 reference

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Pinus ponderosa

2 references

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of free amino acids extracted from needles of drought-stressed and shaded Pinus ponderosa seedlings

Prosopis glandulosa

1 reference

A populational survey of amino acids in Prosopis species from North and South America

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

2 references

The response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nitrogen deprivation: a systems biology analysis

The response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nitrogen deprivation: a systems biology analysis

Agaricus campestris

1 reference

garlic

1 reference

Arginine is not responsible for the activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic

Alpinia galanga

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Alpinia purpurata

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Archontophoenix alexandrae

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Areca catechu

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Artemia salina

1 reference

Composition of San Francisco Bay brine shrimp (Artemia salina)

Spermacoce pusilla

1 reference

Chemical constituents of Datura stramonium seeds

rapeseed

1 reference

Chemical composition and toxic compounds in rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.) cultivars grown in Brazil

Cajanus cajan

1 reference

Phenylalanine is the predominant antisickling agent in Cajanus cajan seed extract

Calendula officinalis

1 reference

TRITERPENOIDS OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS FLOWERS

Calliandra angustifolia

1 reference

Insecticidal imino acids in leaves of Calliandra

Calliandra haematocephala

1 reference

Insecticidal imino acids in leaves of Calliandra

White sapote

1 reference

Pharmacology of Casimiroa edulis IV. Hypotensive effects of compounds isolated from methanolic extracts in rats and guinea pigs

Chrysophyllum roxburghii

1 reference

A chemical analysis of the Indian star apple (Chrysophyllum roxburghii) fruit

Cocos nucifera

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Cucurbita foetidissima

1 reference

Buffalo gourd roots: chemical composition and seasonal changes in starch content

Cucurbita pepo

1 reference

ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN

Cycas circinalis

1 reference

Screening for non-protein amino acids in seeds of the Guam cycad, Cycas circinalis, by an improved GC-MS method

Cyperus aromaticus

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Daucus carota

1 reference

Structural features of cell-wall polysaccharides of the carrot Daucus carota

Dendrobium crumenatum

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Dieffenbachia reginae

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Donax grandis

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Eichhornia crassipes

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

enoki

1 reference

Amino Acid Profiles of Common Cultivated Mushrooms Including the Identification of N-(N-?-L-Glutamyl-3-Sulfo-L-Alanyl)Glycine in Flammulina velutipes

Ginkgo biloba

1 reference

Separation, identification and quantitative determination of free amino acids from plant extracts

Gloriosa superba

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

soybean

2 references

Nitrogen-containing compounds ofGlycine hispida

Nitrogen-containing compounds ofGlycine hispida

Hedera helix

1 reference

Separation, identification and quantitative determination of free amino acids from plant extracts

Hordeum vulgare

1 reference

Proline biosynthesis in a proline-accumulating barley mutant

Hydrilla verticillata

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Indigofera hirsuta

1 reference

Seeds of Indigofera species. Their content of amino acids that may be deleterious

Indigofera pilosa

1 reference

Seeds of Indigofera species. Their content of amino acids that may be deleterious

Indigofera schimperi

1 reference

Seeds of Indigofera species. Their content of amino acids that may be deleterious

Iochroma fuchsioides

1 reference

The Withanolides of Iochroma fuchsioides

Jatropha gossypiifolia

1 reference

Flavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia

Juglans regia

1 reference

ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN

Morchella crassipes

1 reference

Morchella deliciosa

1 reference

Morchella esculenta

1 reference

Neptunea antiqua

1 reference

The toxin tetramine from the "edible" whelk Neptunea antiqua

Nicotiana tabacum

2 references

Chemical composition of tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Metabolic profiling of Chinese tobacco leaf of different geographical origins by GC-MS

Oncidium

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Opuntia ficus-indica

1 reference

Amino acid composition and betaxanthin formation in fruits from Opuntia ficus-indica

Panax ginseng

2 references

Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng exposed to .gamma. irradiation

Integrated metabolomics signature for assessing the longevity of Panax ginseng seeds

Passiflora incarnata

1 reference

An investigation of the amino acids of Passiflora incarnata cultivated in Georgia

Peliosanthes violacea

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Pentaclethra macrophylla

1 reference

Amino and fatty acid composition ofPentaclethra macrophylla andTreculia africana seeds

Pinus densiflora

1 reference

[Studies on the constituents of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. leaves. On the ethanol-extractable amino acids]

Prunus avium

2 references

Specific accumulation of o-diphenols in stressed leaves of Prunus avium

Postharvest responses of sweet cherry fruit and stem tissues revealed by metabolomic profiling

Prunus domestica

1 reference

Compositional characterization of prune juice

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

1 reference

Free Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Seeds and Sprouts of Winged Bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC)

Sagittaria sagittifolia

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Sida hermaphrodita

1 reference

Chemical study of Sida hermaphrodita

Stangeria eriopus

1 reference

The magical and medicinal usage of Stangeria eriopus in South Africa

Suaeda aegyptiaca

1 reference

Chemical Constituents of Salvia aegyptiaca

Suaeda nudiflora

1 reference

A chemical Investigation of Celastrus Paniculata Willd.*

Tacca cristata

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Treculia africana

1 reference

Amino and fatty acid composition ofPentaclethra macrophylla andTreculia africana seeds

Verpa bohemica

1 reference

Metabolic profiling of Angelica acutiloba roots utilizing gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for quality assessment based on cultivation area and cultivar via multivariate pattern recognition

1 reference

1 reference

Dalbergia melanoxylon

1 reference

Isolation and synthesis of trans- and cis-(−)-clovamides and their deoxy analogues from the bark of Dalbergia melanoxylon

Lunaria annua

1 reference

Amino Acids and gamma-Glutamyl Derivatives in Seeds of Lunaria annua L. Part III.

Lupinus albus

1 reference

Über die aus den Keimpflanzen von Vicia sativa und Lupinus albus darstellbaren Monoaminosäuren.

Euphorbia tithymaloides

1 reference

Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on Pedilanthus tithymaloides

Stellaria media

1 reference

Amino-acid and mineral composition of Stellaria media

Vicia sativa

1 reference

Über die aus den Keimpflanzen von Vicia sativa und Lupinus albus darstellbaren Monoaminosäuren.

Cannabis sativa

1 reference

Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents

Caenorhabditis elegans

2 references

Modeling Meets Metabolomics-The WormJam Consensus Model as Basis for Metabolic Studies in the Model Organism

Metabotyping of the C. elegans sir-2.1 mutant using in vivo labeling and (13)C-heteronuclear multidimensional NMR metabolomics

Pinus

1 reference

ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN

Aspergillus fumigatus

1 reference

Distinct mechanisms for spiro-carbon formation reveal biosynthetic pathway crosstalk

Apium graveolens

1 reference

Phytochemical and biological characterization of Italian "sedano bianco di Sperlonga" Protected Geographical Indication celery ecotype: A multimethodological approach

common sunflower

1 reference

Metabolic profiles of sunflower genotypes with contrasting response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection

Beta vulgaris

1 reference

Betalainic and nutritional profiles of pigment-enriched red beet root (Beta vulgaris L.) dried extracts

Spinacia oleracea

2 references

A metabolomics study of ascorbic acid-induced in situ freezing tolerance in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).

Differences in the metabolite profiles of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf in different concentrations of nitrate in the culture solution

Brassica oleracea

1 reference

Metabolic differentiation of diamondback moth ( Plutella xylostella (L.)) resistance in cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata).

Capsella bursa-pastoris

1 reference

Chemical composition and biological screening of Capsella bursa-pastoris

Medicago sativa

1 reference

Metabolite profiles of nodulated alfalfa plants indicate that distinct stages of nodule organogenesis are accompanied by global physiological adaptations

Phaseolus vulgaris

1 reference

Metabolite Profiling of Root Exudates of Common Bean under Phosphorus Deficiency

Pisum sativum

1 reference

Responses of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf metabolome to drought stress assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

broad bean

1 reference

Fast responses of metabolites in Vicia faba L. to moderate NaCl stress

Punica granatum

2 references

Exploitation of the health-promoting and sensory properties of organic pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice through lactic acid fermentation

Elucidating the role of shikimate dehydrogenase in controlling the production of anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins in the outer peels of pomegranate

Oryza sativa

1 reference

Simultaneous determination of the main metabolites in rice leaves using capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis diode array detection

Triticum aestivum

2 references

Physiological and metabolome changes during anther development in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Comparative metabolic responses and adaptive strategies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to salt and alkali stress

Ruta graveolens

1 reference

Enhanced in vitro production of Ruta graveolens L. coumarins and rutin by mannitol and ventilation

tomato

2 references

Metabolomic analysis of tomato seed germination

Identification and characterization of metabolite quantitative trait loci in tomato leaves and comparison with those reported for fruits and seeds

potato

1 reference

Potato metabolomics by GC–MS: what are the limiting factors?

Arnica montana

1 reference

Characterization of Arnica montana L. Dried Roots

chia

1 reference

Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed

Trichoderma asperellum

1 reference

Simultaneous and sequential based co-fermentations of Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 1841: a strategy to enhance the gene expression and metabolites to improve the bio-control and plant growth promoting activity

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

1 reference

Simultaneous and sequential based co-fermentations of Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 1841: a strategy to enhance the gene expression and metabolites to improve the bio-control and plant growth promoting activity

Suaeda maritima

1 reference

A chemical Investigation of Celastrus Paniculata Willd.*

Tacca integrifolia

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Gyromitra esculenta

1 reference

Epipremnum pinnatum

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Ripariosida hermaphrodita

1 reference

Chemical study of Sida hermaphrodita

Pandanus dubius

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Vitis vinifera

1 reference

Free Amino Acid Composition of Grape Juice From 12 Vitis vinifera Cultivars in Washington

Pandanus odorifer

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

pomelo

2 references

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of free amino acids extracted from needles of drought-stressed and shaded Pinus ponderosa seedlings

Citrus grandis

2 references

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of free amino acids extracted from needles of drought-stressed and shaded Pinus ponderosa seedlings

Citrus medica

2 references

Analysis of conifer leaf free amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography

Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography of free amino acids extracted from needles of drought-stressed and shaded Pinus ponderosa seedlings

Escherichia coli

1 reference

A comprehensive genome-scale reconstruction of Escherichia coli metabolism--2011.

Araceae

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

Rhynchospora colorata

1 reference

Taxonomic variation in total leaf protein amino acid compositions of monocotyledonous plants

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

C29612

1 reference

InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1

14 February 2018

L-Proline

0 references

Identifiers

InChI

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

2 references

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

14 February 2018

2 references

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

14 February 2018

1 reference

L-Proline (English)

19 October 2016

2 references

English

title

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

6971047

1 reference

Reaxys registry number

80810

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

50152

0 references

ChEBI ID

17203

mapping relation type

3 references

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

ChEBI release 2021-03-01

International Chemical Identifier

InChI

InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1

60039

mapping relation type

exact match

1 reference

International Chemical Identifier

InChI

InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1

1 reference

Cambridge Structural Database

L-PROLINE (English)

19 October 2016

1 reference

10 January 2023

1 reference

Cambridge Structural Database

MSBNK-BGC_Munich-RP001701

10 January 2023

based on heuristic

InChIKey match

MassBank accession ID

0 references

MSBNK-BGC_Munich-RP001702

0 references

MSBNK-BGC_Munich-RP001703

0 references

MSBNK-BGC_Munich-RP001711

0 references

MSBNK-BGC_Munich-RP001712

0 references

MSBNK-Fac_Eng_Univ_Tokyo-JP009492

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO003671

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO003672

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO003673

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO003674

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO003675

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

MSBNK-Osaka_Univ-OUF00322

0 references

MSBNK-Osaka_Univ-OUF01006

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

0 references

MSBNK-GL_Sciences_Inc-GLS00069

0 references

MSBNK-Kazusa-KZ000237

0 references

MSBNK-Kazusa-KZ000238

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO001568

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO001569

0 references

MSBNK-Keio_Univ-KO001570

0 references

SPLASH

splash10-0006-0900000000-0d7354201ed866c87b13

0 references

splash10-0006-0910000000-a9127c0e370afb80259b

0 references

splash10-000f-0910000000-3195f21e625520d51316

0 references

splash10-03di-0900000000-2c23774af5f6a0c217d5

0 references

splash10-03di-0900000000-d89c1e626ef24a79c89f

0 references

splash10-03di-1900000000-fc27094f2eb75e65b438

0 references

splash10-014i-1900000000-3221c23504b8847abf8d

0 references

splash10-00di-9100000000-8169367f5127c57fae12

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-f704eb8402fcacfccd18

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-ccd74eea36efab2cbab8

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-9f214692cd39a6581813

0 references

splash10-014i-0930000000-7c1c4eac210474394f54

0 references

splash10-014i-9000000000-f75575cac28a54aa923d

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-221cfb8c82f3df76eb51

0 references

splash10-014i-0900000000-e5741fd9870218d57caf

0 references

splash10-014i-0900000000-6bc9b4e775be37fa18d9

0 references

splash10-014i-9000000000-a8eb419b26655a6a1dab

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-873ee03b61d1ffcae70f

0 references

splash10-014i-0900000000-61d583960651669fb9e6

0 references

splash10-0006-0900000000-119af746c347969e8ae7

0 references

splash10-001i-1920000000-09006ee4e7a137d8a45a

0 references

splash10-006x-8900000000-b31beabb1ed6235e7145

0 references

splash10-014i-0900000000-ef038c77922e4c89eeb0

0 references

splash10-00di-9400000000-4073ea1df57a60b36d69

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-495fdbd2f565bd794632

0 references

splash10-03di-0900000000-e1d0a4b20419dc7bae92

0 references

splash10-00di-9200000000-09e4ed8cbbff799e26f2

0 references

splash10-014i-1900000000-d83a55e3ca57ff8b812b

0 references

splash10-00xr-9200000000-bd2149e484c93e1a9ed8

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-bcb40fea8545734c879b

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-9225bbf7134f21e7f828

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-9df17977f0d431ca547d

0 references

splash10-00di-9100000000-5a54cf4fd20e4740bc45

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-d40a06c18426e1855c5a

0 references

splash10-00di-9100000000-c1c67bc521741ee891cb

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-f72e2f3812225708fc56

0 references

splash10-00xr-9600000000-ba51a901e786b1a4663e

0 references

splash10-00di-9000000000-59887da6580f63bcc1c5

0 references

splash10-00xs-8910000000-74b0c34ca5fd7c85f1d9

0 references

splash10-0006-1900000000-84e6fb318323fd0261b1

0 references

RTECS number

TW3584000

0 references

0 references

1 reference

Hazardous Substances Data Bank

28 October 2019

(L)-PROLINE (English)

10 May 2021

2 references

Mapping file of InChIStrings, InChIKeys and DTXSIDs for the EPA CompTox Dashboard

DSSTOX compound identifier

0 references

0 references

0 references

1 reference

UNII

9DLQ4CIU6V

ECHA Substance Infocard ID

14 February 2018

100.005.185

1 reference

ECHA Substance Infocard database

ECHA Substance Infocard ID

27 December 2018

L-proline (English)

CAS no.: 147-85-3 (English)

FL number

17.019

1 reference

quotation

CAS no.: 147-85-3 (English)

23 January 2021

17.019

1 reference

28 December 2019

PROLINE (English)

CAS no.: 147-85-3 (English)

Guide to Pharmacology Ligand ID

3314

1 reference

IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY

Guide to Pharmacology Ligand ID

3314

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

0 references

1 reference

14 February 2018

1 reference

Human Metabolome Database ID

HMDB0000162

2 references

based on heuristic

inferred from InChIKey

reason for deprecated rank

KNApSAcK ID

C00001388

cannot be confirmed by other sources

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

2 references

UNII

9DLQ4CIU6V

14 February 2018

PatientsLikeMe treatment ID

0 references

1 reference

26 February 2018

0 references

1 reference

1 reference

L-proline (English)

19 October 2016

0 references

0 references

1 reference

6 April 2020

1425

1 reference

Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)