Help:Fontes
The majority of statements on Wikidata should be verifiable: they should be supported by a source of information such as a book, scientific publication, or newspaper article. In Wikidata, references are used to point to specific sources that back up the data provided in a statement.
Referências, assim como declarações, também consistem de pelo menos um par de propriedade-valor (para uma referência, o valor "é" a fonte). Tipicamente a propriedade usada para fontes é uma de duas opções: stated in (P248) (referindo-se a publicações e mídia) e reference URL (P854) (usado para sites e bancos de dados online).
Esta diretriz explica quando é necessário adicionar uma fonte a uma declaração no Wikidata. Também explica os passos a serem seguidos para adicionar uma fonte.
Princípios gerais independentes do idioma
Quando indicar a fonte de uma declaração
O Wikidata é uma coleção de dados com fontes, o que significa que a maioria das declarações deve indicar a origem dos dados.
Wikidata includes three main types of statements: facts about the subject of the item, mappings of external identifiers and media links to Wikimedia Commons. The following applies primarily to the first type.
Em alguns casos as fontes não são exigidas:
- Quando um valor é de conhecimento geral e não foi questionado. Por exemplo, é de conhecimento geral que Earth (Q2) é uma instance of (P31) um terrestrial planet (Q128207)
- When the item has a statement that refers to an external source of information (such as a database or authority control file) which allows easy verification of the statement. For example, a statement about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Q43361)'s GND ID (P227) (an authority file maintained by the German National Library) does not need a source (the value, 4615979-4, is a direct link to the appropriate page on the German National Library's website)
- When the item itself is a source for a statement. For example, for The Hunger Games (Q11679) book series, it's possible to say that the author (P50) is Suzanne Collins (Q228624) without needing to then include The Hunger Games (Q11679) as a reference for this statement.
Para mais informações, veja Help:Sources/Items not needing sources
Adicionando uma fonte a uma declaração
Há três passos básicos para seguir quando for adicionar uma fonte, independentemente do tipo de fonte a ser adicionada.
- Verifique se um item para a fonte já existe no Wikidata usando a busca de item por título
- Adicione a fonte como um item se: i) ainda não estiver no Wikidata e ii) a fonte não for uma página da web
- Adicione uma referência à sua declaração, apontando o item da fonte. Para itens de fonte no Wikidata, use a propriedade stated in (P248); para fontes que existam online fora do Wikidata, use reference URL (P854)
- Adicione a fonte e todos os qualificadores necessários.
Mais informações sobre pesquisa e criação de itens pode ser encontrada em Help:Items.
Diferentes tipos de fontes
References should point to reliable sources of information such as university-level textbooks or reference books, academic journals, and newspapers. For more information on identifying reliable sources, please see Wikidata:Verifiability.
One could differentiate between online or offline references. Both can be added to Wikidata. An internet accessible database can be an online reference. Offline references are books and other works found in libraries and archives.
References can be categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary references. All categories can be added to Wikidata. A secondary reference being one that analyzes primary references, a compilation of secondary references is a tertiary reference. Encyclopædiæ and library catalogues are generally tertiary references. Wikidata could be seen as a tertiary (or quaternary) reference, but one can't add it to Wikidata itself.
References can be contemporary ones or historic ones. Wikidata includes both. Consider appropriate ranks for information that is no longer current.
Please note that while pages on Wikipedia (and other Wikimedia sites) can and should be added as sitelinks, they are not appropriate as sources for Wikidata statements. As per the Wikipedia policy on verifiability, the content of articles in Wikipedia must be verifiable; it should be supported by sources also (in the form of citations). However, just because something is stated on a Wikipedia page, does not mean that it is acceptable to consider the Wikipedia page itself as a source; it's much better to locate the actual citation and use that instead.
Tools that import data from Wikimedia projects generally add imported from Wikimedia project (P143) (and sometimes also Wikimedia import URL (P4656)) in the reference part of statements. Statements that are only supported by "imported from Wikimedia project (P143)" are not considered sourced statements. If you encounter one of these statements, please replace "imported from Wikimedia project" with an actual reference.
This list is not complete, and types of sources in addition to the ones found on this page may be reliable; if you would like to add a new section with instructions on how to add such sources, please do so.
Livros
Em Wikidata, livros são tratados de acordo com o Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (Q16388) modelo (FRBR), um quadro conceitual comumente usado em biblioteconomia.
Without going into too much detail, the FRBR model allows us to make a distinction between creative works, and their different editions or translations; in Wikidata, these are known as work items and edition items respectively. For example, we can say that Hamlet (Q41567) and Bible (Q1845) are work items, while Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (Q14422206) and the King James Version (Q623398) are edition items.
Quando adquirem declarações, você só deve usar o item de edição de um livro. Em alguns casos, será necessário primeiro adicionar o item de trabalho para Wikidata, a fim de criar um item de edição. Você pode fazê-lo seguindo os passos abaixo:
- Verifique se o item da obra já existe no Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para o passo 4. Se o item não for encontrado, crie um novo e vá para o passo 2.
Adicionar pelo menos as seguintes declarações para o item do trabalho:
Add any additional properties to the work item that may seem necessary, for example:
- based on (P144), genre (P136), main subject (P921), follows (P155) and followed by (P156) (in case of a series), and others listed at Wikidata:WikiProject Books#Work_item_properties.
- Verifique se o item de edição do seu item de trabalho existe em Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para a etapa 8. Se o item não for encontrado, criar um novo item para a edição e vá para o passo 5. Certifique-se de marcar o item de edição de uma forma que pode ser diferenciado do item de trabalho
Label the new edition item in a way that can be differentiated from the work item by adding the edition number with the title
- Acrescente pelo menos as seguintes declarações ao item da edição:
- Adicione quaisquer propriedades adicionais para o item de edição que possa parecer necessário, por exemplo:
- Return to the work item and, if DeltaBot didn't do it already, add has edition or translation (P747).
- Retornar para a página item que você estava adicionando uma referência a fonte de sua declaração com stated in (P248) e vinculá-lo ao item de edição.
- Add any additional properties to the reference section which can help when verifying the value of the statement:
Example:
- Work item: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Q904273), edition item: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd edition) (Q11927173)
- Used to source statement: CAS Registry Number (P231) of ethanol (Q153)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd edition) (Q11927173)
Artigo de revista ou jornal científico
Publication articles require that both the publication and the article be added as items to Wikidata (if they haven't already been). One can use SourceMD.
- Verifique se o item da publicação já existe no Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para o passo 4. Se o item não for encontrado, crie um novo e prossiga para o passo 2.
Assegure que pelo menos as seguintes declarações estejam adicionadas ao item da publicação:
- instance of (P31) → academic journal (Q737498) para revista científica
- instance of (P31) → newspaper (Q11032) para jornal
- instance of (P31) → magazine (Q41298) para revista
- title (P1476) e subtitle (P1680)
- language of work or name (P407)
- Check if the article item exists in Wikidata. If an item is found, proceed to step 5. If the item is not found, create a new item for the article and go to step 4.
Assegure que pelo menos as seguintes declarações estejam adicionadas ao item do artigo:
- instance of (P31) → article (Q191067) (mais especificamente: scholarly article (Q13442814), news article (Q5707594), magazine article (Q30070590), etc.)
- published in (P1433) → (qualquer que seja o item da publicação)
- title (P1476) e subtitle (P1680)
- language of work or name (P407)
- author (P50)
- You may use the Source MetaData tool to assist creation if you know the DOI of the article.
- Return to the item page you were adding a reference to source your statement with stated in (P248) and link it to the article item.
- Se necessário, volte ao item publicação e adicione propriedades adicionais:
- Se necessário, volte ao item artigo e adicione propriedades adicionais:
Exemplo:
- Journal item: Geological Society, London, Special Publications (Q15817216), article item: The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved (Q15545344)
- Used to source statement: inception (P571) of Earth (Q2)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved (Q15545344)
Relatórios, políticas, legislação e documentação técnica
- Verifique se o item de documento existe na Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para o passo 3. Se o item não for encontrado, crie um novo item para edição e vá ao passo 2.
Ensure that at least the following statements are added to the document item:
- instance of (P31) → report (Q10870555) for a report
- or instance of (P31) → technical documentation (Q1413406) for technical documentation
- or instance of (P31) → policy (Q1156854) for policy
- or instance of (P31) → legislation (Q49371) for legislation
- title (P1476) (and subtitle (P1680) if applicable)
- language of work or name (P407)
- author (P50) (or author name string (P2093) if you know nothing nontrivial other than their name)
- Return to the item page you were adding a reference to source your statement with stated in (P248) and link it to the document item.
If needed, return to the document item and add additional properties:
Exemplo:
- Legislation item: Civil Marriage Act (Q3258612)
- Used to source statement: start time (P580) of Same-sex marriage in Canada (Q17447)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — Civil Marriage Act (Q3258612)
Página da web
If there is a Wikidata property for a website, follow #Databases below.
- Verifique se o item de página da web já existe no Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, forneça uma fonte para sua declaração usando stated in (P248) e vincule-a ao item de página da web. Se um item não for encontrado não crie um novo; em vez disso, vá para o passo número 2.
- Source your statement with reference URL (P854) and link it to the URL of the webpage
Add the following qualifiers to your reference so the source can be tracked down if the URL changes:
- publication date (P577) → the publication date of the webpage. If no publication date is provided use retrieved (P813), the date when the data was taken from the web page.
- title (P1476) → title of the webpage
- archive URL (P1065) → archived webpage
- archive date (P2960) → date of archived webpage
- language of work or name (P407) → language of the webpage
- online access status (P6954) → could be open access (Q232932), registration required (Q107459441), paywall (Q910845), etc.
If needed, add additional qualifiers:
- author (P50) and publisher (P123). Please note if the web page belongs to a major web site that already has an item in Wikidata, you should use publisher.
- quotation (P1683) → exact quotation of text from the webpage
Exemplos:
- Web page item: United States Population Clock (Q3398022)
- Used to source statement: population (P1082) of United States of America (Q30)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — United States Population Clock (Q3398022)
- Non-web page item
- Used to source statement: date of birth (P569) of Giambattista Bodoni (Q220768)
- Reference: reference URL (P854) — http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giambattista-bodoni_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/
Bancos de dados
Please note: this approach only applies to databases that already have a corresponding property defined in Wikidata. The property is often an identifier unique to the database such as the PubMed publication ID (P698) for PubMed or the IMDb ID (P345) for the Internet Movie Database. Consult the list of properties for authority control IDs to determine whether the database property has been added to Wikidata. You can also use the advanced options of Special:Search to search for the database and/or its identifiers in the Property namespace. If no such property exists for the database, treat the database as a webpage (see above).
- Busque o item do banco de dados no Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para o próximo passo. Se o item não for encontrado, crie um novo para ele.
- Ensure that at least the following statement is added to the database item:
- Return to the item page you were adding a reference to source your statement with stated in (P248) and link it to the database item. The applicable value can be found through applicable 'stated in' value (P9073).
Add the following qualifiers to your reference in order to indicate the specific register of the database.
- database property → database property ID (the unique identifier for the data as per the database)
- title (P1476) → the title of the dataset in the database. This may not be needed if the database property is in the external link section of the item the statement is used on.
- publication date (P577) → the publication date for the data. If no publication date is provided use retrieved (P813), the date when the data was taken from the database. This may not be needed if the date is already otherwise included in the statement being referenced.
Exemplo:
- Database item: PubChem (Q278487), database property: PubChem CID (P662)
- Used to source statement: InChI (P234) of ethanol (Q153)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — PubChem (Q278487)
Mídia e Entretenimento (TV/rádio/música/vídeo)
- Verifique se o item de mídia existe na Wikidata. Se um item for encontrado, prossiga para o próximo passo. Se o item não for encontrado, crie um novo para ele.
- Source your statement with stated in (P248) and link it to the media item
- If needed, return to the media item and add additional properties:
Exemplo:
- Documentary item: Man on Wire (Q1417721)
- Used to source statement: occupation (P106) of Philippe Petit (Q705289)
- Reference: stated in (P248) — Man on Wire (Q1417721)
Headstones at Commons
Add the following:
- type of reference (P3865)=tombstone (Q203443) and reference image (P10253) with the image at Commons
Example:
- Headstone image: File:Beatrice_Dowsky.jpg
- Used to source statement: date of birth (P569) of Beatrice von Dovsky (Q88821)
- Reference: type of reference (P3865) — tombstone (Q203443) and reference image (P10253) — File:Beatrice_Dowsky.jpg
Wikisource source text
Add the following two:
- As for books above, add stated in (P248) pointing to the Wikidata item of the edition with sitelinks to Wikisource + page(s) (P304) to indicate the page of the book (for bibliographic templates)
- As for websites above, add reference URL (P854) pointing to the subpage supporting the statement
Archive collections, especially vital records
- Always try to fill:
- type of reference (P3865) - e.g., birth certificate (Q83900), marriage certificate (Q1299632), death certificate (Q708653), birth registry (Q11971341), baptism registry (Q28369847), marriage registry (Q14324227), death registry (Q12029619), home certificate (Q1595673), conscription sheet (Q105921971), chronicle (Q185363), etc.
- Depending on circumstances (especially based on the structure of the collection provided by its creator or custodian), also try to enter additional identifiers, such as:
- registration district (P5564) - regional subdivision of the collection, if created in Wikidata
- volume (P478) - compact resource, such as book or documentation box that does not have a Wikidata item. May return error if not alphanumeric.
- inventory number (P217) - alternative free-form identifier
- page(s) (P304) - page in a book; sometimes it is better to enter folio(s) (P7416)
- line(s) (P7421) - row within a page or document, if numbered
- section, verse, paragraph, or clause (P958) - another identifiable part of document
- Archival Resource Key (P8091) - if assigned
- Examples
- Josef J. Zapf (Q96901921) - dates of birth and death based on Austrian church books
- Hermann Mattkey (Q96694727) - dates of birth and death based on Czech church books (German-language source with Czech metadata)
Ver também
Para páginas de ajuda relacionadas, veja:
- Help:Sources/Items not needing sources, more information on when items don't need sources
- Help:Statements, which explains what statements are and what rules they follow
- Help:Qualifiers, which explains what qualifiers are and what rules they follow
- Special:BookSources - search for book sources by ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
- Authority control identifiers, a list of database properties
- Wikidata:Zotero, which explains how to use a tool which makes it easy to create items about articles, web pages, etc. with QuickStatements
- Wikidata SPARQL queries
Para mais informações e auxílio, veja:
- Project chat, for discussing all and any aspects of Wikidata
- Wikidata:Glossary, the glossary of terms used in this and other Help pages
- Help:FAQ, frequently asked questions asked and answered by the Wikidata community
- Help:Contents, the Help portal featuring all the documentation available for Wikidata