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Help:Basic membership properties

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Gabatarwa

Wannan shafin yana bayyana bambance-bambance tsakanin kadarorin instance of (P31), subclass of (P279) da part of (P361).

Ma'anarsa

Don fahimtar bambance-bambance, yana da mahimmanci a san kalmomin misali da class . Aji wani abu ne wanda ke wakiltar jerin abubuwa, wanda ake kira misalinsa. Yawanci, duk misalan da ke cikin aji kowanne yana raba jerin kaddarorin, waɗanda kaddarorin ke siffanta ajin. Abubuwan da suka bambanta da juna a cikin ƙimar da suke da ita ga waɗannan kaddarorin, amma ba a cikin gaskiyar samun kaddarorin da kansu ba. Don haka, kowane aji yawanci ana siffanta shi da kaddarorin da dukkan al'amuransa ke rabawa (ko da yake ba Wikidata ke aiwatar da wannan ba).

If all the instances of class A necessarily also belong to class B, then we say A is a subclass of B.

Misali =

Abubuwan da suka dace

  • Babu wani abu da zai hana abu zama duka misali da aji. Abu misali ne kawai ta hanyar samun dukiya ta instance of (P31). Hakazalika, abu aji ne kawai saboda kasancewar darajar da ke da alaƙa da wani abu na instance of (P31) dukiya (ko kuma ta hanyar samun kaddarorin yanki).
  • Cikakkun misalan da aji ke nunawa na iya kasancewa ko babu su a matsayin abubuwa a cikin Wikidata.
  • Idan, ta mahangar ma'ana, duk abubuwan da ke cikin ra'ayi na ajin A (ko a zahiri ana nan take a cikin Wikidata ko a'a) suma sun kasance na ajin B, to ana kiran alakar da ke tsakanin A da B subclass of. Mun ce A subclass ne na B.

instance of (P31)

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'amuran da ke da siffa ta gama gari da ajin da ke da wannan fasalin an samar da shi tare da kadarorin instance of (P31). Muna amfani da instance of (P31) maimakon subclass of (P279) lokacin da ba za mu iya cewa komai ba game da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa. Musamman ma, rdf:type.[1]

Misali, Atlantic Ocean (Q97) da Pacific Ocean (Q98) duka misalan ocean (Q9430) ne. Don haka muna rubutawa akan Wikidata:

subclass of (P279)

  • ana amfani da shi don bayyana cewa duk al'amuran aji ɗaya misalin wani $ ref1 ne
  • musamman, shine rdfs:subClassOf$ ref2

Misalai da yawa:

Wani misali:

Tafki da teku ba iri ɗaya ba ne amma duk al'amuransu suna da alaƙa da kasancewar ruwa. Don haka muna iya amfani da ajin body of water (Q15324) don bayyana cewa:

Yanzu Lake Baikal (Q5513), Lake Erie (Q5492), Atlantic Ocean (Q97) da Pacific Ocean (Q98) duk za su zama mai canzawa (kai tsaye) na body of water (Q15324). Gabaɗaya za mu iya zamu iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwan da ba za a iya gani ba (kamar body of water (Q15324)) maimakon ƙididdiga ($ 7 da ocean (Q9430)) duka: 1. a cikin maganganunmu da 2. a cikin tambayoyinmu (ba a rufe a wannan shafin taimako).

Transitive properties

subclass of (P279) shine transitive Wikidata property (Q18647515), wannan yana nufin idan abu A misali ne na ajin B, kuma aji B shine ƙaramin ajin C, abu A a fakaice kuma misalin ajin C ne. Babu buƙatu gabaɗaya don ƙara sanarwa don alaƙar $3 zuwa Wikidata.

For example, tree (Q10884) is a subclass of woody plant (Q757163), and woody plant (Q757163) is a subclass of plant (Q756). Thus tree (Q10884) is implicitly also a subclass of plant (Q756).

Similarly, if item x is an instance of class B, and B is a subclass of class C, then x is implicitly also an instance of C. There is then no general need to add an explicit statement to Wikidata declaring x to be an instance of C.

Misali, Lighthouse of Alexandria (Q43244) misali ne na lighthouse (Q39715) kuma lighthouse (Q39715) yanki ne na tower (Q12518). Lighthouse of Alexandria (Q43244) don haka misalin tower (Q12518) ne.

The property instance of (P31) is not transitive. Considering the example from above: Angela Merkel (Q567) is an instance of politician (Q82955), and politician (Q82955) is an instance of profession (Q28640), but it would be incorrect to say that Angela Merkel (Q567) is an instance of profession (Q28640).

Inferences based on transitivity do not take qualifiers into account, so instance of (P31) and subclass of (P279) statements must be valid while ignoring any qualifiers; in other words, these statements should not have any restrictive qualifier (Q61719275), or any qualifier that is being used restrictively. For example, if A is often, but not always, a subclass of B, then it is not valid to state that A is a subclass of B with nature of statement (P5102) = often (Q28962312), because this will lead to false inferences.

part of (P361)

Abubuwan ba za su iya zama misali na wani maras aji ba, amma suna iya zama wani ɓangare na wani maras aji. Misali, Albert Einstein's brain (Q2464312) wani bangare ne na Albert Einstein (Q937). A kan Wikidata muna amfani da part of (P361) don wannan alaƙa.

Azuzuwan kuma na iya zama wani ɓangare na wani aji. Misali,

Amfani da instance of (P31) maimakon part of (P361) zai zama kuskure anan domin human brain (Q492038) ba mutum bane. Yin amfani da subclass of (P279) shima ba daidai bane saboda misalin human brain (Q492038) (misali Albert Einstein's brain (Q2464312)) ba misali bane na ajin Homo sapiens (Q15978631).

Kamar subclass of (P279), part of (P361) dukiya ce mai wucewa.

<span id="Inverse_relations_of_part of (P361)">

Matsalolin part of (P361)

  1. has part(s) (P527) - ana amfani da shi don faɗin cewa misali yana da wani ɓangare na wani misali ko kuma abubuwan da ke cikin aji suna da matsayin misali na wasu aji.
  2. has part(s) of the class (P2670) - ana amfani da shi don faɗi cewa misali (ba a taɓa yin aji ba) yana da matsayin misali na aji. Idan abun iyaye duka misali ne da aji, bai kamata a yi amfani da has part(s) of the class (P2670) ba.

Misali,

A misali na farko, ana amfani da has part(s) (P527) saboda Greek alphabet (Q8216) yana da kashi 3. has part(s) (P527) kuma ana amfani da shi a misali na biyu saboda misalin alphabet (Q9779) yana da misalin letter (Q9788) a matsayin sassa. A cikin misali na ƙarshe, muna ɗaukar has part(s) of the class (P2670) tunda Greek alphabet (Q8216) yana da ɗaya ko fiye da misalin Greek letter (Q19793459) azaman sassa.

Examples

instance of (P31) vs. subclass of (P279) vs. part of (P361)

Differences among instance of (P31), subclass of (P279) and part of (P361)
Property X Y what it denotes example explanation why not use…
<X> instance of <Y> instance class
  • X is an individual (single thing) belonging to class Y
  • X is a specific example of class Y
  • all instances of class Y share certain features
  • Y is the set of its instances (including X)
 <USS Nimitz> instance of <supercarrier> <USS Nimitz> is a single concrete aircraft carrier, <supercarrier> is an aircraft carrier class which has many instances (aircraft carriers)
  • subclass of not used because <USS Nimitz> is not a class
  • part of not used because <USS Nimitz> is an instance and the <supercarrier> is a class, instances cannot be parts of classes
<People's Republic of China> instance of <sovereign state> <sovereign state> is a concept defined by some features, <China> is an object which meet these features
  • subclass of not used because <China> is a concrete state
  • part of not used because instances cannot be parts of classes
<Sun> instance of <G-type main-sequence star> The <Sun> is a specific star with the spectral characteristics of a G-type main-sequence star, and so is an instance of that class
  • subclass of not used because the <Sun> is not a class but a single astronomical object
  • part of not used because non-classes cannot be parts of classes
<hatter> instance of <profession> <hatter> is a specific example of a profession
  • subclass of not used because <hatter> is not a class of professions but a single profession (instance)
  • part of not used because instances cannot be parts of classes
<Douglas Adams> instance of <human> <Douglas Adams> is a specific human person (this is one of the most common cases for instance of)
  • subclass of not used because <Douglas Adams> is not a class of people but a single person (instance)
  • part of not used because instances cannot be parts of classes
<X> subclass of <Y> class class
  • all instances of class X belong to class Y
  • instances of X are also instances of Y
 <supercarrier> subclass of <aircraft carrier> both <supercarrier> and <aircraft carrier> are classes and the latter contains the former
  • instance of not used because <supercarrier> is not a concrete object
  • part of not used because an instance of <supercarrier> (e.g. <USS Nimitz>) cannot be part of an instance of aircraft carrier (e.g. <USS Enterprise>)
<sovereign state> subclass of <state> both of them are classes, the former has all features of the latter and some additional features, so it is a subclass of the latter
  • instance of not used because <sovereign state> is not a specific state, but a class that contains all sovereign states
  • part of not used because an instance of the sovereign state (e.g. <China>) cannot be part of an instance of state (e.g. <China>)
<G-type star> subclass of <star> every individual G-class star (instances of <G-class star>) is also a star - i.e. belongs to the class <star>
  • instance of not used because <G-class star> is not a single star, but a type of <star>
  • part of not used because the relationship is not one of composition, i.e. individual <G-class star> instances do not join together to make an instance of a <star>.
<X> part of <Y> instance instance
  • instance X is a part of instance Y
  • different parts of Y (including X) combine together to form the whole Y
 <USS Nimitz> part of <Carrier Strike Group Eleven> <USS Nimitz> is a concrete aircraft carrier, <CSG-11> is a concrete carrier strike group, <USS Nimitz> is one of <CSG-11>'s components (its flagship)
  • instance of not used because <CSG-11> is not a class
  • subclass of not used because neither of them is a class
<People's Republic of China> part of <Asia> both <China> and <Asia> are specific geographic features, <China> is part of the continent <Asia>
  • instance of not used because <Asia> is an instance (meanwhile <Asian country> is a class so you could say <China> is an instance of <Asian country>)
  • subclass of not used because neither of them is a class
<Sun> part of <Solar System> both of them are individual astronomical objects; the solar system is composed of the Sun, planets, and other objects in the Sun's vicinity
  • instance of not used because the latter is an individual astronomical object, not a generic concept
  • subclass of not used because neither of them is a class
class class an instance of class X is part of an instance of class Y <flight deck> part of <aircraft carrier> every aircraft carrier (instance of <aircraft carrier>) has its own flight deck (instance of <flight deck>)
  • instance of not used because <flight deck> is a class not an instance (only a specific flight deck, such as the <flight deck of USS Nimitz>, can be an instance)
  • subclass of not used because an instance of the former (e.g. <flight deck of USS Nimitz>) cannot be the same thing as an instance of the latter (e.g. <USS Nimitz>)
<member state> part of <international organization> an instance of <member state> is a component of an instance of <international organization>
  • instance of not used because the former is a concept, does not indicate any specific state (e.g. <China>)
  • subclass of not used because an instance of <member state> does not belong to the class <international organization> (e.g. China is not an international organization)
<star> part of <galaxy> a star typically is born and lives within a single galaxy which is made up of many stars and other astronomical objects
  • instance of not used because <star> is not an example of a <galaxy>
  • subclass of not used because instances of class <star> are not instances of the class <galaxy>
  • Note: some examples above are for demonstration purposes only, which should not be used in Wikidata because there are more specific relationships that should be used (e.g. use "<China> continent <Asia>" instead of "<China> part of <Asia>").

has part(s) (P527) vs. has part(s) of the class (P2670)

Here is a table that explains the difference between has part(s) (P527) and has part(s) of the class (P2670).

has part(s) (P527) should be used for class-class and instance-instance relationships.

has part(s) of the class (P2670) should be used for instance-class relationships.

If you see a constraint violation on an item with has part(s) of the class (P2670)...

Differences among has part(s) (P527) and has part(s) of the class (P2670)
Property X Y what it denotes example explanation why not use…
<X> has part(s) <Y> instance instance instance X has instance Y among its parts or components <United States Congress> has part(s) <United States Senate> the US Congress has two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate
  • has part(s) of the class not used because <United States Congress> and <United States Senate> are concrete objects
<Solar System> has part(s) <Mars> <Mars> is one of the planets in the <Solar System>
  • has part(s) of the class not used because <Solar System> and <Mars> are concrete objects
class class an instance of X has an instance of Y among its parts or components <body> has part(s) <head> in general a <body> (anatomical feature) has a <head> as one of its parts
  • has part(s) of the class not used because <body> and <head> are both classes
<galaxy> has part(s) <star> a <galaxy> has <stars> as one of its parts
  • has part(s) of the class not used because <galaxy> and <star> are both classes
<X> has part(s) of the class <Y> instance class the specific item X include some instance of class Y among its parts or components <University of Cambridge> has part(s) of the class <college of the University of Cambridge> the <University of Cambridge> has colleges as parts
  • has part(s) not used because <University of Cambridge> does not have the class <college of the University of Cambridge> as a part, but instead has colleges as parts
<Solar System> has part(s) of the class <inner planet of the Solar System> our <Solar System> has one or more <inner planets> in its parts
  • has part(s) not used because <Solar System> does not have the class of <inner planets> as a part, but instead has planets as parts
<Albert Einstein> has part(s) of the class <human brain> <Albert Einstein> had a <human brain> as a part
  • has part(s) not used because <human brain> is a class, not an instance, even if he had just one.

Queries

Wikidata Queries can be used to find members of a given class, for example all subclasses of "Literary Work"; a Wikidata Query Builder is available to help.

navbox

 
Wikidata properties related to tree (Q223655)
This template lists some major properties which can be used to digitizing tree-shaped data. For techniques about creating tree, see Help:Tree
↕Vertical relations↕
↔Horizontal relations↔
Other
Items
Wikimedia template

See also


References

  1. ↑ https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type


External links

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