Help:Основни својства на припадност
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Вовед
На оваа страница се објаснети разликите помеѓу својствата instance of (P31), subclass of (P279) и part of (P361).
Дефиниции
To understand the differences, it is important to be familiar with the terms instance and class. A class is an abstraction that describes a set (or collection) of things, called its instances. Typically, all the instances belonging to a class share a set of properties, which properties characterize the class.
If all the instances of class A necessarily also belong to class B, then we say A is a subclass of B.
Примери
- класата human (Q5) со примероците Abraham Lincoln (Q91), Mahatma Gandhi (Q1001), Isaac Newton (Q935) итн.
- класата lighthouse (Q39715) со примероците Amrum Lighthouse (Q20669), Lighthouse of Alexandria (Q43244) итн.
- класата ocean (Q9430) со примероците Atlantic Ocean (Q97), Pacific Ocean (Q98) итн.
- класата public election (Q40231) со примерокот 2016 Taiwanese presidential election (Q20683626) итн.
Практички аспекти
- An item can be both an instance and a class. An item is an instance if it has an instance of (P31) property. An item is a class if it is the value associated with some other item's instance of (P31) property (or if it has a subclass of (P279) property). For example, Angela Merkel (Q567) is an instance of politician (Q82955), and politician (Q82955) is an instance of profession (Q28640). So the item politician (Q82955) is both a class and an instance.
- The complete set of instances implied by a class might or might not exist as items within Wikidata.
- Typically, a class is characterized by a set of properties shared by all instances. The instances differ from each other in the values they have for those properties, but not in the fact of having the properties themselves (although this is not enforced by Wikidata).
The relation between instances with a common feature and a class characterized by this feature is produced with the property instance of (P31). We use instance of (P31) instead of subclass of (P279) when we cannot say anything about instances with such relation. More specifically, it is an rdf:type.[1]
For example, Atlantic Ocean (Q97) and Pacific Ocean (Q98) are both instances of ocean (Q9430). We write therefore on Wikidata:
- Is used to state that all the instances of one class are instances of another[2]
- More specifically, it is an rdfs:subClassOf[3]
- If any instances of the subject class are not instances of the value class, subclass of (P279) is not appropriate. partially coincident with (P1382) may be used to link overlapping classes where neither is a strict subclass of the other.
Several examples:
- human brain (Q492038) subclass of (P279) brain (Q1073)
- brain (Q1073) subclass of (P279) animal organ (Q24060765)
- animal organ (Q24060765) subclass of (P279) organ (Q712378)
Another example:
- класата lake (Q23397) со примероците Lake Baikal (Q5513) и Lake Erie (Q5492);
- класата ocean (Q9430) со примероците Atlantic Ocean (Q97) и Pacific Ocean (Q98).
A lake and an ocean are not the same but all their instances share the common feature of being a body of water. Therefore we can use the class body of water (Q15324) to state that:
- lake (Q23397) subclass of (P279) body of water (Q15324);
- ocean (Q9430) subclass of (P279) body of water (Q15324).
Now Lake Baikal (Q5513), Lake Erie (Q5492), Atlantic Ocean (Q97) and Pacific Ocean (Q98) will all be transitive (indirect) instances of body of water (Q15324). In general we can use more abstract objects (like body of water (Q15324)) instead of enumerations (lake (Q23397) and ocean (Q9430)) both: 1. in our statements and 2. in our questions (not covered at this help page).
Transitive properties
The property subclass of (P279) is a transitive Wikidata property (Q18647515). This means: if a class A is a subclass of class B, and B is a subclass of class C, then A is implicitly also a subclass of C. There is then no general need to add an explicit statement to Wikidata declaring A to be a subclass of C.
For example, tree (Q10884) is a subclass of woody plant (Q757163), and woody plant (Q757163) is a subclass of plant (Q756). Thus tree (Q10884) is implicitly also a subclass of plant (Q756).
Similarly, if item x is an instance of class B, and B is a subclass of class C, then x is implicitly also an instance of C. There is then no general need to add an explicit statement to Wikidata declaring x to be an instance of C.
For example, Lighthouse of Alexandria (Q43244) is an instance of lighthouse (Q39715) and lighthouse (Q39715) is a subclass of tower (Q12518). Lighthouse of Alexandria (Q43244) is thus an instance of tower (Q12518).
The property instance of (P31) is not transitive. Considering the example from above: Angela Merkel (Q567) is an instance of politician (Q82955), and politician (Q82955) is an instance of profession (Q28640), but it would be incorrect to say that Angela Merkel (Q567) is an instance of profession (Q28640).
Inferences based on transitivity do not take qualifiers into account, so instance of (P31) and subclass of (P279) statements must be valid while ignoring any qualifiers; in other words, these statements should not have any restrictive qualifier (Q61719275), or any qualifier that is being used restrictively. For example, if A is often, but not always, a subclass of B, then it is not valid to state that A is a subclass of B with nature of statement (P5102) = often (Q28962312), because this will lead to false inferences.
Items cannot be an instance of another non-class, but they can be part of another non-class. For example, Albert Einstein's brain (Q2464312) is a part of Albert Einstein (Q937). On Wikidata we use part of (P361) for this relation.
Classes can also be part of another class. For example,
The use of instance of (P31) instead of part of (P361) would be wrong here because human brain (Q492038) is not a person. Using subclass of (P279) would also be wrong because an instance of human brain (Q492038) (e.g. Albert Einstein's brain (Q2464312)) is not an instance of the class Homo sapiens (Q15978631).
Like subclass of (P279), part of (P361) is a transitive property.
Inverse relations of part of (P361)
- has part(s) (P527) - is used to say that an instance has as part some other instance or that instances of a class have as part an instance of some other class
- has part(s) of the class (P2670) - is used to say that an instance (never a class) has as part an instance of a class. If the parent item is both an instance and a class, has part(s) of the class (P2670) should not be used.
For example,
- Greek alphabet (Q8216) has part(s) (P527) Α (Q9887) (примерок-примерок)
- alphabet (Q9779) has part(s) (P527) letter (Q9788) (класа-класа)
- Greek alphabet (Q8216) has part(s) of the class (P2670) Greek letter (Q19793459) (примерок-класа)
In the first example, has part(s) (P527) is used because Greek alphabet (Q8216) has as part Α (Q9887). has part(s) (P527) is also used in the second example because instances of alphabet (Q9779) have instances of letter (Q9788) as parts. In the last example, we take has part(s) of the class (P2670) since Greek alphabet (Q8216) has one or more instances of Greek letter (Q19793459) as parts.
Примери
<span id="instance of (P31)_vs._subclass of (P279)_vs._part of (P361)">
instance of (P31) наспроти subclass of (P279) наспроти part of (P361)
Property | X | Y | што означува | пример | објаснување | зошто да не користите ... |
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<X> instance of <Y> | примерок | класа |
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<USS Nimitz> instance of <supercarrier> | <USS Nimitz> е поединечен и конкретен носач на авиони, <суперносач> е класа на носачи на авиони која содржи многу примероци (носачи на авиони) |
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<People's Republic of China> instance of <sovereign state> | <суверена држава> е концепт што се дефинира по извесни особини, а <Кина> е предмет што ги задоволува тие особини |
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<Sun> instance of <G-type main-sequence star> | <Сонцето> е конкретна ѕвезда со спектрални карактеристики на ѕвезда од типот G во главната низа, и така претставува примерок на таа класа | * subclass of не се користи бидејќи <Сонце> не е класа, туку единечно астрономско тело
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<hatter> instance of <profession> | <hatter> е конкретен пример за професија |
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<Douglas Adams> instance of <human> | <Douglas Adams> е конкретна човечка личност (ова е меѓу најчестите случаи на instance of) | * subclass of не се користи бидејќи <Douglas Adams> не е класа на луѓе туку една личност (примерок)
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<X> subclass of <Y> | класа | класа |
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<supercarrier> subclass of <aircraft carrier> | и <суперносач“> и <носач на авиони> се класи, а второто го содржи првото |
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<sovereign state> subclass of <state> | обете се класи, а првата ги има сите одлики на втората и некои други, па затоа е поткласа на првата |
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<G-type star> subclass of <star> | секоја поединечна ѕвезда од класата G (примероци на <ѕвезда од класата G>) воедно е ѕвезда, т.е. ѝ припаѓа на класата <ѕвезда> |
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<X> part of <Y> | примерок | примерок |
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<USS Nimitz> part of <Carrier Strike Group Eleven> | <USS Nimitz> е конкретен носач на авиони, <CSG-11> е конкретна авионосачка ударна група, <USS Nimitz> е еден од составните делови на <CSG-11> (нејзин знаменосен брод) |
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<People's Republic of China> part of <Asia> | и <Кина> и <Азија> се конкретни географски објекти, <Кина> е дел од континентот <Азија> |
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<Sun> part of <Solar System> | both of them are individual astronomical objects; the solar system is composed of the Sun, planets, and other objects in the Sun's vicinity |
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класа | класа | примерок на класата X е дел од примерок на класата Y | <flight deck> part of <aircraft carrier> | секој носач на авиони (примерок на <носач на авиони>) има своја авионска палуба (примерок на <авионска палуба>) |
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<member state> part of <international organization> | еден примерок на <земја-членка> е составен дел од примерокот <меѓународна организација> |
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<star> part of <galaxy> | a star typically is born and lives within a single galaxy which is made up of many stars and other astronomical objects |
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Here is a table that explains the difference between has part(s) (P527) and has part(s) of the class (P2670).
has part(s) (P527) should be used for class-class and instance-instance relationships.
has part(s) of the class (P2670) should be used for instance-class relationships.
If you see a constraint violation on an item with has part(s) of the class (P2670)...
- If the item is a class and has subclass of (P279), it should use has part(s) (P527) instead of has part(s) of the class (P2670), even if it also has instance of (P31).
- The item may wrongly be a class and should instead be an instance. Remove subclass of (P279) and make sure it has a proper instance of (P31).
Property | X | Y | што означува | пример | објаснување | зошто да не користите… |
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<X> has part(s) <Y> | примерок | примерок | примерокот X има примерок Y меѓу неговите делови или составници | <United States Congress> has part(s) <United States Senate> | Конгресот на САД има два дела — Претставничкиот дом и Сенатот |
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<Solar System> has part(s) <Mars> | <Марс> е една од планетите во <Сончевиот Систем> |
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класа | класа | примерок на X има примерок Y меѓу неговите делови или составници | <body> has part(s) <head> | начелно, <тело> (анатомски поим) има <глава> како еден од неговите делови |
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<galaxy> has part(s) <star> | <галаксија> има <ѕвезди> како еден од нејзините делови |
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<X> has part(s) of the class <Y> | примерок | класа | the specific item X include some instance of class Y among its parts or components | <University of Cambridge> has part(s) of the class <college of the University of Cambridge> | the <University of Cambridge> has colleges as parts |
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<Solar System> has part(s) of the class <inner planet of the Solar System> | нашиот <Сончев Систем> има еден или повеќе <внатрешни планети> како негови делови |
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<Albert Einstein> has part(s) of the class <human brain> | <Алберт Ајнштајн> имал <човечки мозок> како дел |
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Queries
Wikidata Queries can be used to find members of a given class, for example all subclasses of "Literary Work"; a Wikidata Query Builder is available to help.
навкутија
See also
Наводи
Надворешни врски
- Повеќестепено концептуално моделирање: Теорија и примена — ги објаснува разликите помеѓу instance of (P31) и subclass of (P279) во концептуалните рамки на повеќестепеното концептуално моделирање. Прескокнете на делот 4 за соржина што се однесува на Википодатоците.
- Збирки и поединци — ја објаснува разликата помеѓу instance of (P31) и subclass of (P279) (во контекст на базата на знаења Cyc (Q1147294))